Events
January–March January 1 – The Duchy of Savoy adopts the Gregorian Calendar, replacing the Julian Calendar. January 18 – Francis, Duke of Anjou, attacks Antwerp. February 4 – Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, newly converted to Calvinism, formally marries Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben, a former canoness of Gerresheim, while retaining his position as Archbishop-Elector of Cologne. February 7 – In the Netherlands, the Siege of Eindhoven by the Spanish Army begins.Mack P. Holt, The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.190 The walled city will fall in April. March 10 (February 28 O.S.) – The Queen Elizabeth's Men troupe of actors is founded in England by order of Queen Elizabeth to Edmund Tilney, the royal Master of the Revels.E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, Vol. 2 (Clarendon Press, 1923) p. 104
April–June April 9 – A Burmese Army force of 16,000 men, commanded by Thado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome and Nawrahta Minsaw of Lan Na to suppress the rebellious of the Shan States in the modern-day Yunnan province of China, is welcomed by King Nanda Bayin at the royal capital, Pegu, after a successful punitive expedition. The commanders bring with them the rebel chief from the Sanda state.U Kala, . Maha Yazawin (in Burmese), Volume 3 (1724), (reprinted by Ya-Pyei Publishing, 2006) p.78 April 19 – Queen Elizabeth dissolves the English Parliament which had been convened in 1572 but last met in 1581."4th Parliament of Elizabeth I" , "The History of Parliament" online (The History of Parliament Trust, 2020) April 23 The Kingdom of England establishes its first diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire.Gary M. Bell, A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives: 1509-1688 (Cambridge University Press, 1995) p.194 After a siege of 75 days, Dutch Republic commander Hendrik van Bonnivet surrenders Eindhoven to the Spanish Netherlands. April 25 – In a clash between a 50,000-man Persian Empire force and the Ottoman Empire for control of the Caucasus region in modern-day Russia, the Ottomans are routed.Joseph von Hammer, Osmanli Tarihi, Volume II (Milliyet yayınları, 2016) p 100 May 11 – In modern-day Russia, on the Caspian Sea, the three-day "Battle of Torches" ends as Ottoman Empire troops defeat forces of the Persian Empire. May 21 – Battle of Shizugatake in Japan: Shibata Katsuie is defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who goes on to commence construction of Osaka Castle. May 22 – Ernest of Bavaria is elected as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, in opposition to Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg. The opposition rapidly turns into armed struggle, the Cologne War within the Electorate of Cologne, beginning with the Destruction of the Oberstift. May 28 – The first installment of the translation by Jurij Dalmatin of the Bible into the Slovene language, Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta (The Bible, featuring the complete Old and New Testaments), is published in Wittenberg."Dalmatin, Georg", by Ludwig Theodor Elze, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 4 (Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1876), pp. 712–713 June 17 – Spanish troops under the command of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma overwhelm a combined army of Dutch, French and English soldiers at the Battle of Steenbergen in the modern-day Netherlands. The multinational force sustains 3,200 people killed or wounded.James Tracy, The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588 (Oxford University Press, 2008) p.216. June 18 – In England, the first known life insurance policy is issued. The Royal Exchange of London accepts a premium from William Gibbons, agreeing to pay a group of 30 beneficiaries a total of £383, 6s. 8d if he dies on or before June 17, 1584. Gibbons dies on May 29, 1584, and the Royal Exchange refuses to pay until a court rejects the insurer's argument that a month is actually four weeks or 28 days."Insurance", by Charlton Lewis and Thomas Ingram, in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, Vol. 14 (Cambridge University Press, 1911) pp. 657–658 June 27 – Ten months after being taken hostage on August 23, 1582 in the Raid of Ruthven, the 17-year-old King James VI of Scotland is able to escape Falkland Prison and flees to safety in St. Andrews."Scotland", in The Manual of Dates a Dictionary of Reference to All the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records, ed. by George H. Townsend (Frederick Warne & Company, 1867) p. 886"Ruthven, William", by T. F. Henderson, in Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 50 (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1897)
July–September July 25 – Cuncolim Revolt: The first documented battle of India's independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the Desais of Cuncolim in Goa, against the Portuguese. August 5 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert, on the site of the modern-day city of St. John's, claims the island of Newfoundland on behalf of England, marking the beginning of the British Empire. August 19 – Petru Cercel enters Bucharest, and becomes Prince of Wallachia. August 29 – English ship Delight, with Humphrey Gilbert's expedition, becomes the first of over 350 ships over time to run aground and be wrecked on Sable Island in the North Atlantic. September 4 – King James VI of Scotland orders a gift to Colonel William Stewart in recognition of Stewart's rescue of the King from prison. Colonel Stewart is presented with some of the jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots (the King's mother).Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Record Commission of Great Britain, 1815), pp. 307-309 September 9 – English ship Squirrel, the flagship of explorer, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, sinks in a storm with all hands along with all but one of Gilbert's colonial expedition."Fairfax Eighth Eclogue", by W. W. Greg, Modern Language Quarterly (July 1901). Gilbert and his men had been returning from North America after claiming Newfoundland in the name of Queen Elizabeth.E. Hepple Hall, "Newfoundland: Past, Present and Future", in The Journal of the Society of Arts (February 1882)
October–December October 14 – In Scotland, the University of Edinburgh holds its first classes, accepting more than 80 students as "Tounis College"."The Foundation of the College of Edinburgh", by Robert Kerr Hannay, in The History of the University of Edinburgh 1883-1933, ed. by A. Logan Turner (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1933), pp. 1-16. In continuous operation for more than 440 years, the University will have more than 41,000 students.University of Edinburgh website October 16 – King Philip II of Spain orders the transfer of Abada the rhinoceros from the Casa de Campo public park of Madrid, to the menagerie at his residence at El Escorial.Henry Kamen, Philip of Spain (Yale University Press, 1999) p.400 October 17 – Peter the Lame becomes Prince of Moldavia (in modern-day Romania) for the third and last time, reigning until 1591.Constantin Rezachevici, Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova, a. 1324–1881 ("Critical timeline of the gentlemen of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1324-1881"), Volume 1 (Editura Enciclopedică, 2001) p.432 October 18 – In South America, the Third Council of Lima comes to an end after two months after being convened to provide a consistent doctrine for the Roman Catholic Church in the Viceroyalty of Peru. Among other things, the Council approves the treatment of the native population "not like slaves but as free men" as part of evangelism and conversion to Christianity, as well as the use of the Quechua language and the Aymara language to spread the gospel. The use of Spanish is ordered for church services, and Latin is forbidden. October 24 – Jan van Hembyze becomes the last leader of the Calvinist Republic of Ghent after a coup d'etat against the ruling Count of Flanders.Bart Vander Schelden, De Gentse stadsmagistraat tijdens de calvinistische Republiek (1577-1584)("The Ghent city magistrate during the Calvinist Republic (1577-1584)" Hembyze's action leads days later to the siege of Ghent by Spanish General Alexander Farnese. November 4 Francis Throckmorton, instigator of the Throckmorton Plot to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England, is arrested. Convicted of treason, he is executed on July 10, 1584.N. M. Sutherland, Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: 1572 - 1596 (Elm Bank Publishing, 2002) p.54 Gerolamo Chiavari is elected to a 2-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa to succeed Gerolamo De Franchi Toso. November 5 – Willem IV van den Bergh, the Stadtholder of Guelders for the Dutch Republic is arrested along with his family and charged with treason on suspicion of having allowed the Spanish Army to seize Zutphen.Petrus Johannes Blok, History of the People of the Netherlands: The War with Spain (Putnam's Sons, 1900) p.170 Imprisoned for five months, he is released in March after promising to retire from public service.Sergio Buonadonna, Rosso Doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797 ("Red Doge: The Doges of the Republic of Genoa from 1339 to 1797) (De Ferrari, 2007) November 13 – In India, the city of Allahabad (modern-day Prayagraj in the state of Uttar Pradesh) is founded as a strategic fortress by Akbar, Emperor of the Mughal Empire.Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).Jamia Millia Islamia, Subah of Allahabad under the Great Mughals, 1580-1707 (Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974) p.85 November 24 – Philippe Hurault de Cheverny is appointed as the new Chief Minister of France by King Henri III upon the death of René de Birague, who had governed for nine years. Hurault will serve until 1589. December 17 – Cologne War: The Siege of Godesberg (begun on November 18) concludes when Catholic forces under Prince-elector-archbishop Ernest of Bavaria capture the strategic position, from defenders of the Calvinist convert Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg.
Date unknown The world's oldest, intact, surviving amusement park, Dyrehavsbakken, is founded north of Copenhagen. The current building housing the Bunch Of Grapes pub is built on Narrow Street in Limehouse, London. Referred to by Charles Dickens in Our Mutual Friend as "The Six Jolly Fellowship Porters", it still stands in the 21st century, much rebuilt and renamed 'The Grapes'.
The Ottoman fleet crosses into the Western Mediterranean and raids the Italian coastline. In Corsica, the towns of Sartene and Arbellara are sacked (summer).
Births
January 8 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (d. 1643) January 12 – Niccolò Alamanni, Greek-born Roman antiquarian (d. 1626) January 31 – Peter Bulkley, English and later American Puritan (d. 1659) February 4 – John Ley, English priest (d. 1662) February 17 – Johann Heinrich Alting, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1644) February 23 – Jean-Baptiste Morin, French mathematician (d. 1656) March 3 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (d. 1648) April 4 – Franciscus Quaresmius, Italian writer and orientalist (d. 1650) April 8 – Nikolaus, Count Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d. 1645) April 10 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (d. 1645) May 1 – Orazio Grassi, Italian Jesuit priest, architect and scientist (d. 1654) May 10 – Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules, Spanish diplomat (d. 1637) May 26 – Susanna Hall, Daughter of William Shakespeare (d. 1649) June 16 – Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (d. 1654) June 20 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. 1652) June 22 – Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1603–1625) (d. 1625) June 27 – Christopher von Dohna, German politician and scholar (d. 1637) July 2 – Dodo Knyphausen, German soldier (d. 1636) July 9 – John, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein, Danish prince (d. 1602) July 20 – Alban Roe, English Benedictine martyr (d. 1642) July 22 – Jacobus Trigland, Dutch theologian (d. 1654)