The Breton and French Catholic diocese of Dol, situated in the northern part of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 6 km (3.8 mi) from the English Channel coast and 22 km (14 mi) southeast of Saint-Malo, existed from 848 until the French Revolution. It was suppressed by the Concordat of 1801.Dol (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]

The seat of the bishop was the cathedral of Saint Samson. Its scattered territory (deriving from the holdings of the Celtic monastery, and including an enclave at the mouth of the Seine) was shared mainly by the Diocese of Rennes and the Diocese of Saint-Brieuc.

History The Life of St. Samson,Thomas Taylor, The Life of St. Samson of Dol (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1925), pp. xi-xii. which cannot be of earlier date than the seventh century, mentions the foundation of the monastery of Dol by Samson of Dol. Georges Goyau speculates that Samson was most likely already a bishop when he arrived in Armorica from Great Britain, but finds no evidence in the Life that Samson founded the See of Dol or became its first bishop.

In the twelfth century, to support its claim against the Metropolitan of Tours, the Church of Dol produced the names of a long list of archbishops: St. Samson, St. Magloire, St. Budoc, St. Génevée, St. Restoald, St. Armel, St. Jumael, St. Turian. Louis Duchesne discounted and doubted this list. He was of the opinion that the abbey of Dol may have had at its head from time to time abbots with episcopal jurisdiction, but that Dol was not the seat of a diocese.Duchesne, p. 387: "En somme, il semble bien que les communautés bretonnes de Dol et de Pental aient eu souvent à leur tête, après saint Samson comme de son temps, des abbés revêtus du caractère épiscopal . Mais il n'y a pas lieu d'en conclure qu'il existât à Dol une succession épiscopale régulière, ni que Dol fût le chef-lieu d'un diocèse délimité. Dol était un monastère et non une cité ."

Under Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, the Vicariate of Dol and the monastery of St. Méen were still included in the Diocese of Aleth; so that the first Bishop of Dol was Festianus (Festgen) mentioned for the first time between 851 and 857, and installed by King Nomenoë.

Among the bishops of Dol are:

Baldric of Dol (1107–30), author of a Latin poem on the conquest of England by William the Conqueror, the Historia Hierosolymitana, 123 poems, lives of several persons, and other works.Baldricus Dolensis Archiepiscopus. Opera. . In: Jacques-Paul Migne (ed.), Patrologiae latina cursus completus ..., series secunda, Volume 166. Paris: Aqud Editorem, 1854. pp. 1049–1214. When still Abbot of Borgueil, Baldric was accused of simony by Bishop Ivo of Chartres, for having attempted to bribe his way into the bishopric of Orleans in 1096. He held a diocesan synod in 1128, attended by a papal legate, Gerard Bishop of Angoulême.Tresvaux, L'église de Bretagne..., p. 271. Ivo Carnotensis, "Epistle 66," in: J.-P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae latina cursus completus ... series secunda, Volume 162, , Paris: Aqud Editorem, 1854, pp. 82–85, at p. 84. Christolf Rolker, in: Olivier Descamps, Rafael Domingo (edd.), Great Christian Jurists in French History, (Cambridge University Press, 2019), Chapter 1: "Ivo of Chartres", note 8. Alain de Coëtivy (1456–74) had been Bishop of Avignon since 30 October 1437, and a cardinal since 20 December 1448. He was named bishop of Dol on 18 June 1456 by Pope Calixtus IIIEubel II, pp. 11, no. 4; 100; 145. Since he would not personally take up episcopal functions in Dol, he had Bishop Ambroise de Cameraco of Alet appointed his coadjutor.Tresvaux, L'église de Bretagne..., p. 287. Eubel II, p. 149 He was sent as legate of Pope Callistus to France, to persuade King Charles VII of France to participate in a crusade to assist the Greeks against the Turks who had seized Constantinople.

Metropolitans There was a struggle from the ninth to the eleventh century to free the Church of Brittany from the Metropolitan of Tours. From a comparison made by Duchesne between the Life of St. Conwoïon, the Indiculus de episcoporum Britonum depositione, and an almost completely restored letter of Pope Leo IV, it would appear that shortly before 850, Nomenoë wishing to be anointed king, and finding opposition among the prelates of Brittany, sought to get rid of them by charging them with simony.A. W. Haddon; W. Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 2, part 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1873), pp. 91–92. Their only real fault was perhaps that they demanded eulogia from their priests when the latter came to synods. After listening to a deputation of Breton bishops and to St. Conwoïon, founder of the Abbey of St-Sauveur at Redon, who had been sent to Rome by Nomenoë, Leo IV declared that the charge of simony must be adjudicated by a competent tribunal of twelve bishops, and must be attested by seventy-two witnesses,J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Vol. 14 (Venice: A. Zatta 1769), pp. 882–883. thereby disputing Nomenoë's claim to a right to depose bishops. But Nomenoë did depose, and in a brutal manner, the four bishops of Vannes, Aleth, Quimper, and St. Pol de Léon, and made seven dioceses out of their four."Quomodo Nomenoius tyrannus Brittonum de quatuor episcopatibus fecit septem, tempore Karoli Calvi Regis Francorum," , in: Étienne Baluze, Capitularia Regum Francorum: Additae sunt Marculsi monachi & aliorum formulae veteres, & Notae doctissimorum virorum, Volume 2 (Paris: Muguet 1677), pp. 822–823. One of the new dioceses had its seat in the abbey of Dol and became straightway an archdiocese. The other two dioceses were established in the monasteries of St. Brieuc and Tréguier (Pabu-Tutual).

In Autumn 849, the bishops of the four provinces of Tours, Sens, Reims, and Rouen, wrote a letter of reprimand to Nomenoë and threatened him with excommunication.J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Vol. 14 (Venice: A. Zatta 1769), pp. 923–925. Haddon & Stubbs, p. 92. Charles Joseph Hefele, Histoire des conciles, , Vol. 4 (Paris: Letouzey 1911), pp. 162–164. He paid no heed to them, and died 7 March 851.

Salomon, Nomenoë's second successor, requested Pope Benedict IV to regularize the situation of the Breton hierarchy, but was unsuccessful. He tried again in 865 with Pope Nicholas I, who replied on 26 May 865 that he would not send the pallium to Bishop Festinianus of Dol, unless he could prove that it had been granted to his predecessors.J.P. Migne (ed.) Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CXIX (Paris 1852), p. 925: "Igitur deprecamini nos ut pallium fratri et coepiscopo nostro Festiniano, qui ecclesiae S. Saxonis praesse dignoscitur, dirigamus, quod interim ideo non facimus, quia, sicut olim nos scripsisse meminimus, ut pro tantae dignitatis gratia nulla solemnis videtur fuisse emissa petitio." In the name of the Council of Savonnières (859)Charles Joseph Hefele, Histoire des conciles, , Vol. 4 (Paris: Letouzey 1911), pp. 216–219. the seven metropolitans of the three kingdoms of Charles the Bald, of Lothair II, and of Charles of Provence, wrote to the Bishop of Rennes and to the bishops occupying the new Sees of Dol, St. Brieuc, and Tréguier, reproaching them with lack of obedience to the Metropolitan of Tours.J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Vol. 15 (Venice: A. Zatta 1770), pp. 532–533. This letter was not sent to the Bishops of Vannes, Quimper, Aleth, and St. Pol de Léon who wrongly occupied the sees of the legitimate bishops illegally deposed by Nomenoë. It achieved nothing.

In 862 Salomon dealt directly with Pope Nicholas I, and at first tried to mislead the pope by means of false allegations and forgeries; then he restored Felix of Quimper and Liberalis of Léon to their sees, but still kept Susannus of Vannes and Salocon of Aleth in exile. Nicholas I died in 867. Pope Adrian II (867–72) and Pope John VIII (872–82) continued to uphold the rights of the Metropolitan of Tours. Following the deaths of Salomon and of Susannus, a conciliatory atmosphere developed.

12th century struggle

There was never a formal act on the part of the Holy See recognizing Dol as a new metropolitan church. Dol never had control over Rennes or Nantes, and it was mainly over the new Sees of St. Brieuc and Tréguier that it exercised ascendancy, if not canonical authority. On 15 May 1144, Pope Lucius II issued yet another bull, "Quae iudicii veritate," in which he repeated the rulings of his predecessors Nicholas, John, Leo IX, Gregory VII, and Urban II, that Dol and all the other dioceses of Brittany must recognize Tours as their metropolitan. After the death of Bishop Roland of Dol, no bishop of Dol should aspire to the use of the pallium."...ut tam Dolensis episcopus, quam caeteri deinceps Britannorum episcopi Turonensem Ecclesiam suam esse metropolim recognoscerent... nec ullo ulterius tempore post Rolandi obitum, qui tunc Dolensi episcopus praesidebat, ad pallii usum Dolensis episcopus aspiraret." Pope Lucius was generous to Bishop Gaufridus, the current bishop of Dol, however, ruling that he could keep the pallium, but that none of his successors should have it. On the same day, Lucius II issued an order to the bishops of Saint-Brieuc and Tréguier, releasing them from any obedience to the bishop of Dol, and ordering their obedience to the metropolitan of Tours.J.P. Migne (ed.) Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CLXXIX (Paris: Garnier 1899), pp. 875–878. Haddan & Stubbs, pp. 93–94. On 3 March 1154, Pope Anastasius IV made the same ruling in favor of the metropolitan of Tours.J.P. Migne (ed.) Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CLXXXVIII (Paris: Garnier 1855), pp. 1040–1041. Haddan & Stubbs, p. 95.

Finally in a bull of 1 June 1199,J.P. Migne (ed.) Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CCXIV (Paris: Garnier 1890), pp. 625–634. Pope Innocent III restored the old order of things, and subordinated anew all the dioceses of Brittany to the metropolitan of Tours;Tresvaux, L' église de Bretagne..., p. 257. Haddan & Stubbs, p. 96. he did not, however, interfere with the diocesan boundaries set up by Nomenoë, which remained in force until the Revolution.Tresvaux, L'église de Bretagne..., pp. 257–258. The Bishop of Dol retained until 1789 the title and insignia of an archbishop, but without an archbishop's privileges or an ecclesiastical province.

Concordat of Bologna

In 1516, following the papal loss of the Battle of Marignano, Pope Leo X signed a concordat with King Francis I of France, removing the rights of all French entities which held the right to elect to a benefice, including bishoprics, canonicates, and abbeys, and granting the kings of France the right to nominate candidates to all these benefices, provided they be suitable persons; each nominee was subject to confirmation by the pope. This concordat removed the right of cathedral chapters to elect their bishop, or even to request the pope to name a bishop. The Concordat of Bologna was strongly protested by the University of Paris and by the Parliament of Paris.Jules Thomas, Le Concordat de 1516: Deuxième partie. Les documents concordataires, , (Paris: A. Picard, 1910), pp. 60–65. The right had to be exercised by the king within six months of the occurrence of the vacancy of a benefice. The agreement was put to the test at Dol in 1522, following the deaths of Pope Leo X on 1 December 1521, and of Archbishop Geoffrey de Coetmoisan on 10 (or 24) December 1521.Tresvaux, L' église de Bretagne..., p. 282. Eubel III, p. 186.