Kyoto Shoshidai

The was an important administrative and political office in the Tokugawa shogunate.Ito, Shinsho. "Hideyoshi's Inauguration to Kampaku and the Foundation of Shoshidai," Journal of Japanese history (日本史研究). Vol.419(19970000) pp. 1-19. The office was the personal representative of the military dictators Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Kyoto, the seat of the Japanese Emperor, and was adopted by the Tokugawa shōguns.Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric. (2005). "Kyōto-shosidai" in . The significance and effectiveness of the office is credited to the third Tokugawa shōgun, Tokugawa Iemitsu, who developed these initial creations as bureaucratic elements in a consistent and coherent whole.Brinkley, Frank. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era, p. 632.

The office was similar to the Rokuhara Tandai of the 13th- and 14th-century Kamakura shogunate. Tandai was the name given to governors or chief magistrates of important cities under the Kamakura shogunate. The office became very important under the Hōjō regents and was always held by a trusted member of the family.Murdoch, James. (1996). A History of Japan, p. 10 n1. Description The office was expanded and its duties codified as an office in the Tokugawa shogunate. The shoshidai, usually chosen from among the fudai daimyōs, was the shōgun's deputy in the Kyoto region, and was responsible for maintaining good relations and open communication between the shogunate and the imperial court.Beasley, W. G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 325. The shoshidai also controlled the access of the daimyōs to the Court. He was responsible for overseeing the Imperial court's finances, for ensuring the emperor's personal security, and for guarding the safety of the court.Brinkley, p. 636. For example, the shoshidai supported the Kyoto magistrate or municipal administrator (the machi-bugyō) in making positive policy about firefighting for the royal palaces.Maruyama, Toshiaki. "The Fire Fighting for the Royal Palace by Kyoto Shoshidai and Machi-bugyō-shō: A study on the fire fighting in Kyoto under Tokugawa era (No.3) (京都所司代・京都町奉行所と御所の消防 : 江戸時代の京都の消防の研究(その3). Journal of Architecture and Planning, Architectural Institute of Japan (日本建築学会計画系論文集). No.591(20050530), pp. 149-153. Abstract. In this context, the shoshidai collaborated with the administrator of the reigning sovereign's court (the kinri-zuki bugyō)Nussbaum, "Kinri-zuki" at and the administrator of the ex-emperor's court (the sendō-zuki bugyō), both of whom were shogunate appointees.Brinkley, p. 589. The shoshidai also headed a network of spies tasked with discovering and reporting any covert sources of sedition, insurrection or other kinds of unrest.Murdoch, James. (1915). A History of Japan, p. 134.

As Governor-general of Kyoto and the surrounding eight provinces, the shoshidai was responsible for collecting taxes and for other duties within this region.Brinkley, p. 637. The municipal administrators of Nara and Fushimi, in addition to Kyoto's municipal governance, the Kyoto deputy (the daikan), and the officials of the Nijō Castle were all subordinate to the shoshidai. He was empowered to hear suits-at-law and he had oversight control of all temples and shrines. The shoshidai had a force of constables (yoriki) and policemen (dōshin)Nussbaum, "Dōshin" at under their command.

In addition to administrative duties, the shoshidai's participation in ceremonial events helped to consolidate the power and influence of the shogunate. For example, in September 1617, a Korean delegation was received by Tokugawa Hidetada at Fushimi Castle, and the shoshidai was summoned for two reasons (1) for the Koreans, to underscore the importance accorded the embassy, and (2) for the kuge courtiers in attendance, to make sure that they were properly impressed.Toby, Ronald. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 69.

It was eventually established that service as governor of Osaka (the judai) was a prerequisite for appointment as shoshidai. A close, personal link with the shōgun was maintained through visits to Edo every five or six years to report directly to the shōgun. The conventional route of promotion was from governor of Osaka to shoshidai of Kyoto and then to rōjū (member of the Shogunate's governing council). The shoshidai earned 10,000 koku annually, in addition to the income from his own domain.

Abolition In September 1862, a concurrent, nearly co-equal office was created, the "Kyoto shugoshoku", in an attempt to strengthen the . The Kōbu gattai were feudal lords and Court nobles who sought a greater share of political power without actually destroying the shogunate, in opposition to a more radical faction, the , which attracted men like Ōkubo Toshimichi. The related office of the shugoshoku had essentially the same functions as that of the shoshidai, but it was considered the senior of the two; and only members of the Matsudaira family were appointed.

The last Kyoto shoshidai, Matsudaira Sadaaki, came from a collateral Tokugawa branch. As a practical matter, it could be said that this office ended with his resignation in 1867; but matters were not so unclouded in that time. After the Imperial edict sanctioning the restoration of Imperial government (November 1867), there was a time lag before the office of shoshidai was abolished (January 1868) and affairs of the city were temporarily entrusted to the clans of Sasayama (Aoyama), Zeze (Honda) and Kameyama (Matsudaira).Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869, pp. 326–327.

List of Kyoto shoshidai Ordinal Name DatesShogun Notes 1 Okudaira Nobumasa 1600–1601 Tokugawa Ieyasu 2 Itakura Katsushige 1601–1619Tokugawa IeyasuTokugawa Hidetada 3 Itakura Shigemune 1619-1654 Tokugawa HidetadaTokugawa IemitsuTokugawa Ietsuna Son of Itakura Katsushige4 Makino Chikashige 1654–1668 Tokugawa Ietsuna Daimyo of Sekiyado 5 Itakura Shigenori 1668–1670 Tokugawa Ietsuna Grandson of Itakura Katsushige; Daimyo of Mikawa-Nakajima 6Nagai Naotsune 1670–1678 Tokugawa Ietsuna 7 Toda Tadamasa 1678–1681 Tokugawa IetsunaTokugawa Tsunayoshi 8 Inaba Masamichi 1681–1685 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi Daimyo of Odawara9 Tsuchiya Masanao 1685–1687 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 10 Naitō Shigeyori 1687–1690 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 11 Matsudaira Nobuoki 1690–1691 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi 12 Ogasawara Nagashige 1691–1697 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi Daimyo of Yoshida 13 Matsudaira Nobutsune 1697–1714 Tokugawa TsunayoshiTokugawa IenobuTokugawa Ietsugu 14 Mizuno Tadayuki 1714–1717Tokugawa IetsuguTokugawa Yoshimune Daimyo of Okazaki 15 Matsudaira Tadachika 1717–1724Tokugawa Yoshimune Daimyo of Ueda 16 Makino Hideshige 1724–1734Tokugawa YoshimuneDaimyo of Tanabe 17 Toki Yoritoshi 1734–1742Tokugawa Yoshimune 18 Makino Sadamichi 1742–1749Tokugawa YoshimuneTokugawa Ieshige Daimyo of Kasama 19 Matsudaira Sukekuni 1749–1752Tokugawa IeshigeDaimyo of Hamamatsu 20 Sakai Tadamochi 1752–1756Tokugawa Ieshige Daimyo of Obama 21 Matsudaira Terutaka 1756–1758Tokugawa Ieshige Daimyo of Takasaki 22 Inoue Masatsune 1758–1760Tokugawa IeshigeDaimyo of Hamamatsu 23 Abe Masasuke 1760–1764Tokugawa Ieharu Daimyo of Fukuyama 24 Abe Masachika 1764–1768Tokugawa Ieharu Daimyo of Oshi 25 Doi Toshisato 1769–1777Tokugawa Ieharu Daimyo of Koga 26 Kuze Hiroakira 1777–1781Tokugawa Ieharu Daimyo of Sekiyado 27 Makino Sadanaga 1781–1784Tokugawa Ieharu Son of Makino Sadamichi; Daimyo of Kasama 28 Toda Tadatō 1784–1789Tokugawa IeharuTokugawa IenariDaimyo of Utsunomiya 29 Ōta Sukeyoshi 1789-1782Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Kakegawa 30 Hotta Masanari 1792–1798Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Sakura 31 Makino Tadakiyo 1798–1801Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Nagaoka 32 Doi Toshiatsu 1801–1802Tokugawa IenariDaimyo of Koga 33Aoyama Tadayasu 1802–1804Tokugawa Ienari Son-in-law of Doi Toshisato; Daimyo of Sasayama 34 Inaba Masanobu 1804–1806Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Yodo 35 Abe Masayoshi 1806–1808Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Oshi 36 Sakai Tadayuki 1808–1815Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Obama 37 Ōkubo Tadazane 1815–1818Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Odawara 38 Matsudaira Norihiro 1818–1823Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Nishio 39 Naitō Nobuatsu 1823–1825Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Murakami 40 Matsudaira Yasutō 1825–1826 Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Hamada 41 Mizuno Tadakuni 1826–1828Tokugawa Ienari Son-in-law of Sakai Tadayuki; Daimyo of Hamamatsu; later instituted the Tenpō Reforms 42 Matsudaira Muneakira 1828–1832Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Miyazu 43 Ōta Sukemoto 1832–1834Tokugawa Ienari Daimyo of Kakegawa 44 Matsudaira Nobuyori 1834–1837Tokugawa Ienari Son-in-law of Makino Tadakiyo; Daimyo of Yoshida 45 Doi Toshitsura 1837–1838Tokugawa Ieyoshi Adoptive of son of Doi Toshiatsu; Daimyo of Koga 46 Manabe Akikatsu 1838–1840Tokugawa Ieyoshi Daimyo of Sabae 47 Makino Tadamasa 1840–1843Tokugawa Ieyoshi Son of Makino Tadakiyo; Daimyo of Nagaoka 48 Sakai Tadaaki 1843–1850Tokugawa Ieyoshi First tenure; son of Sakai Tadayuki; Daimyo of Obama 49 Naitō Nobuchika 1850–1851Tokugawa Ieyoshi Son of Naitō Nobuatsu; Daimyo of Murakami 50 Wakisaka Yasuori 1851–1857Tokugawa IeyoshiTokugawa Iesada Daimyo of Tatsuno 51 Honda Tadamoto 1857–1858Tokugawa Iesada Daimyo of Okazaki 52 Sakai Tadaaki 1858–1862 Tokugawa Iemochi Second tenure 53 Matsudaira Munehide 1862Tokugawa Iemochi Adoptive son of Matsudaira Muneakira; Daimyō of Miyazu 54 Makino Tadayuki 1862–1863Tokugawa Iemochi Son of Matsudaira Norihiro and son-in-law of Makino Tadamasa; Daimyō of Nagaoka. 55 Inaba Masakuni 1863–1864Tokugawa Iemochi Daimyo of Yodo 56 Matsudaira Sadaaki 1864–1867Tokugawa IemochiTokugawa Yoshinobu Last shoshidai; Daimyo of Kuwana; brother of Matsudaira Katamori.

Kyoto Shoshidai

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