The Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan statistical area, otherwise known as the Capital Region or Greater Austin, is a five-county metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Texas, as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. The metropolitan area is situated in Central Texas on the western edge of the and on the eastern edge of the , and borders Greater San Antonio to the south. It forms part of the larger San Antonio-Austin Metroplex.
As of the 2020 U.S. census, the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos MSA is the 25th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with a total population of 2,352,426. The metropolitan area contains the city of Austin—the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 10th-largest city in the United States with a population of 974,447 people. Austin's largest suburbs are Round Rock, Cedar Park, Georgetown, San Marcos, Leander, and Pflugerville.
History
Prehistory Archeologists divide the Texas prehistoric archeological record into five general periods: pre-Clovis (ca. 18,000 plus –13,400 year ago), Paleoindian (13,400–10,000 years ago), Archaic (10,000 years ago to ca. 2000 years ago), Woodland (ca. 2500–1150 years ago; select regions), and the Late Prehistoric (ca. 1250–1150–420 years ago). All but the Woodland period are applicable to the Greater Austin area. Some research adds what is called the Protohistoric period, the short period of first contact between Indigenous Peoples and Europeans (Spanish and French) upon their first arrival; it is before the start of what is considered historic times.Kenmotsu, Nancy A. and Douglas Boyd, editors. The Toyah Phase of Central Texas, Late Prehistoric Economic and Social Processes. Texas A&M University Press, 2012.Collins, Michael. The Prehistory of Texas, Texas A&M Anthropology Series, Timothy K. Perttula, editor
The earliest known inhabitants of the area, during the late Pleistocene (Ice Age), date to between 12,000 to 22,000 years ago as evidenced by the Gault (archaeological site) just west of Williamson County and the Wilson-Leonard Site, best known for the discovery of Leanderthal Lady ("Leanne") at the Wilson-Leonard site near Leander, Texas. But archeology dig sites show a much greater evidence of Archaic Period inhabitants has been recovered from burned rock middens and rock shelters near Round Rock along Brushy Creek, in Georgetown along the San Gabriel River, and in Austin especially near Barton Springs. The prehistory of Texas has been studied by both professional and avocational archeologists for many decades. Pre-historic campsites are found throughout the county along streams or other water sources; most are "open occupation" sites, though caves and rockshelters are often found along various rivers and streams.
Native American Coahuiltecan descendants include Barton Springs among the four springs part of their creation story dating to prehistoric times; these springs are Comal Springs, Barton Springs, San Marcos Springs and San Antonio Springs.Spirit Waters. Austin Parks and Recreation. https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Parks/ANSC/2020%20Spirit%20Waters%20Booklet%20hyperlinked%20table%20of%20contents%205.27.2020.pdf While there were many other tribes associated with the Greater Austin area, the present territory of central Texas was not the long-term ancestral homeland of any indigenous group for whom an ethnographic account exists. The ethnographically well-known Comanche, Lipan Apache, Waco and even the Tonkawa arrived in central Texas just before or during the early European contact period."Collins, Michael. The Prehistory of Texas, Texas A&M Anthropology Series, p.217, Timothy K. Perttula, editorPrikryl, Daniel J. Fiction and Fact about the Titskanwatits, or Tonkawa, of East Central Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 72:63–72, 2001. https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1013930/m1/69/
18th and 19th century Spanish explorers, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries though few permanent settlements were created for some time. Texas State Historical Association. In the mid-18th century the San Xavier missions were established along the San Gabriel River in what is now western Milam County to facilitate exploration. Texas State Historical Association.
In 1804 the fort Puesta del Colorado was established by the Spanish in what is now Bastrop. In 1807 the San Marcos de Neve settlement (modern San Marcos) was established on the San Marcos River. Following the independence of Mexico, of which Texas was a part, the empresario Stephen F. Austin issued grants to settlers in what is now Bastrop and Fayette Counties. During the mid-1820s settlements were established along the Colorado River near modern La Grange. Texas State Historical Association. The village of Mina (later renamed Bastrop) was established in 1827. Growth of the settlements was stagnant for some time because of conflicts with the Native Americans in the region. Texas State Historical Association. Nevertheless, the region sat along an important trade route known as the Camino Real de los Tejas, which ran from Mexico, though San Antonio and San Marcos, to Natchitoches. During the 1830s others, such as Martín Veramendi and Thomas G. McGehee, were issued land grants by the Mexican government to encourage settlement in the region. A string of forts was established east of modern Austin in what was then the western frontier. Texas State Historical Association.
In 1835 Texans fought for independence in the Texas Revolution and won. Following independence other settlements were gradually established including Waterloo and Brushy Creek (modern Round Rock). In 1839 a commission appointed by Texas President Mirabeau B. Lamar selected Waterloo as the site for the new capital and the name Austin was chosen as the town's new name. Texas State Historical Association. In 1840 a series of conflicts between the Texas Rangers and the Comanche occurred. It began with the Council House Fight, also known as the Council House Massacre, in which a large number of Penateka Comanche leaders and family were killed in San Antonio while attending a peace treaty. The Comanche in turn attacked Victoria and Linnville in what is known as the Great Raid of 1840. This was followed by the Battle of Plum Creek near Lockhart, Texas, and finally in October of 1840 an expedition commanded by Colonel John Henry Moore in what is known as the Comanche Village Massacre. Texas State Historical Association. Travis County, originally part of Bastrop County, was established in 1840 and the surrounding counties were mostly established within the next two decades.
In 1861, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, voters in Austin, Bastrop, and other Central Texas communities and counties voted against secession. However, as the war progressed and fears of attack by Union forces increased, the communities contributed hundreds of men to the Confederate forces. With the end of the war and the emancipation of Texas slaves, the African American population of the area swelled dramatically. Black communities such as Wheatville, Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville were established around Austin by these newcomers. Texas State Historical Association. The postwar period saw dramatic population and economic growth. The town of Bastrop became a significant manufacturing center producing iron, coal, and textiles. The Chisolm Trail, one of the major routes for exporting cattle, passed through the region. Texas State Historical Association. The opening of the Houston and Texas Central Railway, connecting Austin with Houston, transformed Austin into the major trading center for the region. However, as new railroads were built through the region in the 1870s, Round Rock and other communities took over much of Austin's role as a trading center. In 1868 the Coronal Institute was established in San Marcos and in 1873 Texas University (later renamed Southwestern University) was opened in Georgetown following the consolidation of five earlier colleges. Texas State Historical Association. Texas State Historical Association. During the 1880s Austin gained new prominence as the state capitol building was constructed and other universities were established in the area, most notably the University of Texas. Cattle and cotton production were major economic drivers for many outlying communities. Texas State Historical Association. In the late 19th century Austin expanded its city limits to more than three times its former area and the Austin Dam was built to power a new street car line and the new municipal water system.
20th century In the early 20th century the Texas Oil Boom took hold creating tremendous economic opportunities in Southeast Texas and North Texas. The growth generated by this boom largely passed by Austin at first, with the city slipping from 4th largest to 10th largest in Texas between 1880 and 1920. Bastrop, however, became a significant center for oil drilling and coal mining in the early-to-mid-20th century. San Marcos, and some other communities, established significant manufacturing operations during the world wars substantially diversifying their economies.
Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, Austin launched a series of civic development and beautification projects that created much of the city's infrastructure and parks. In addition, the state legislature established the Lower Colorado River Authority that, along with the City of Austin, created the system of dams along the Colorado River that formed the Highland Lakes. These projects were enabled in large part by the fact that Austin received more Depression era relief funds than any other Texas city.
During the mid- and later 20th century, Austin became firmly established as the major metropolitan center of what is now Greater Austin. Communities such as Round Rock, Georgetown, and San Marcos increasingly became attractive bedroom communities for Austin, even as each of these communities has maintained its own economic core as well. In the late 20th century, the face of the Austin community was changing very rapidly.
Geography
Greater Austin is located in Central Texas along the Balcones Fault and Interstate 35, northeast of San Antonio. The bisecting Balcones Fault renders eastern portions relatively flat and western portions—located on the edge of the Texas Hill Country—mildly hilly.Baird (2009), p. 24.
The region is crossed by the Colorado River with several human-made lakes, known as the Highland Lakes, along its length. Because the hills to the west are primarily limestone rock with a thin covering of topsoil, the western portions of the area are frequently subjected to flash floods from the runoff caused by thunderstorms. Texas State Historical Association. To help control this runoff and to generate hydroelectric power, the Lower Colorado River Authority operates a series of dams that form the lakes. Texas State Historical Association.
The Austin area is located at the intersection of four major ecological regions and is consequently a temperate-to-hot green oasis with a highly variable climate having some characteristics of the desert, the tropics, and a wetter climate. The area is very diverse ecologically and biologically, and is home to a variety of animals and plants.Vines (1984), p. 4–6. + Lake Dam Lake Buchanan Buchanan Dam Inks Lake Inks Dam Lake LBJ Wirtz Dam Lake Marble Falls Max Starcke Dam Lake Travis Mansfield Dam Lake Austin Tom Miller Dam Lady Bird Lake Longhorn Dam