The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes). It is not to be confused with the maternal death rate, which is the number of maternal deaths (direct and indirect) in a given period per 100,000 women of reproductive age during the same time period.Maternal Mortality Ratio vs Maternal Mortality Rate on Population Research Institute website MMR is a key performance indicator (KPI) for efforts to improve the health and safety of mothers before, during, and after childbirth per country worldwide. The statistics are gathered by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and the United Nations Population Division.Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) on website of The World Bank The yearly report started in 1990 and is called Trends in Maternal Mortality. As of the 2015 data published in 2016, the countries that have seen an increase in the maternal mortality ratio since 1990 are the Bahamas, Georgia, Guyana, Jamaica, Dem. People’s Rep. Korea, Serbia, South Africa, St. Lucia, Suriname, Tonga, United States, Venezuela, RB Zimbabwe. But according to Sustainable Development Goals report 2018, the overall maternal mortality ratio has declined by 37 percent since 2002. Nearly 303,000 women died due to complications during pregnancy.

With an exceptionally high mortality ratio compared to other U.S. states, the government of Texas created the Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Task Force in 2013.US Maternal Health Profile on WHO websiteSenate Bill 495, 83rd Legislature, Regular Session, 2013

Country measurements

This KPI was used for the Millennium Development Goals from 2000 to 2015 and is part of the Sustainable Development Goals. The list of countries with a comparison of this KPI in 1990, 2000 and 2015 are:

Country 1990 2000 2015 Afghanistan 1,340 1,100 396 Albania 71 43 29 Algeria 216 170 140 American Samoa Andorra Angola 1,160 924 477 Antigua and Barbuda Argentina 72 60 52 Armenia 58 40 25 Aruba Australia 8 9 6 Austria 8 5 4 Azerbaijan 64 48 25 Bahamas, The 46 61 80 Bahrain 26 21 15 Bangladesh 569 399 176 Barbados 58 48 27 Belarus 33 26 4 Belgium 9 9 7 Belize 54 53 28 Benin 576 572 405 Bermuda Bhutan 945 423 148 Bolivia 425 334 206 Bosnia and Herzegovina 28 17 11 Botswana 243 311 129 Brazil 104 66 44 British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam 35 31 23 Bulgaria 25 21 11 Burkina Faso 727 547 371 Burundi 1,220 954 712 Cabo Verde 256 83 42 Cambodia 1,020 484 161 Cameroon 728 750 596 Canada 7 9 7 Cayman Islands Central African Republic 1,290 1,200 882 Chad 1,450 1,370 856 Channel Islands Chile 57 31 22 China 97 58 27 Colombia 118 97 64 Comoros 635 499 335 Congo, Dem. Rep. 879 874 693 Congo, Rep. 603 653 442 Costa Rica 43 38 25 Côte d'Ivoire 745 671 645 Croatia 10 11 8 Cuba 58 43 39 Curaçao Cyprus 16 15 7 Czech Republic 14 7 4 Denmark 11 9 6 Djibouti 517 401 229 Dominica Dominican Republic 198 79 92 Ecuador 185 103 64 Egypt, Arab Rep. 106 63 33 El Salvador 157 84 54 Equatorial Guinea 1,310 702 342 Eritrea 1,590 733 501 Estonia 42 26 9 Ethiopia 1,250 897 353 Faroe Islands Fiji 63 42 30 Finland 6 5 3 France 13 12 8 French Polynesia Gabon 422 405 291 Gambia, The 1,030 887 706 Georgia 34 37 36 Germany 11 8 6 Ghana 634 467 319 Gibraltar Greece 5 4 3 Greenland Grenada 41 29 27 Guam Guatemala 205 178 88 Guinea 1,040 976 679 Guinea-Bissau 907 800 549 Guyana 171 210 229 Haiti 625 505 359 Honduras 272 133 129 Hong Kong SAR, China Hungary 24 15 17 Iceland 7 5 3 India 556 374 174 Indonesia 446 265 126 Iran, Islamic Rep. 123 51 25 Iraq 107 63 50 Ireland 11 9 8 Isle of Man Israel 11 8 5 Italy 8 5 4 Jamaica 79 89 89 Japan 14 10 5 Jordan 110 77 58 Kazakhstan 78 65 12 Kenya 687 759 510 Kiribati 234 166 90 Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 75 128 82 Korea, Rep. 21 16 11 Kosovo Kuwait 7 7 4 Kyrgyz Republic 80 74 76 Lao PDR 905 546 197 Latvia 48 30 18 Lebanon 74 42 15 Lesotho 629 649 487 Liberia 1,500 1,270 725 Libya 39 17 9 Liechtenstein Lithuania 29 16 10 Luxembourg 12 13 10 Macao SAR, China Macedonia 14 12 8 Madagascar 778 536 353 Malawi 957 890 634 Malaysia 79 58 40 Maldives 677 163 68 Mali 1,010 834 587 Malta 13 15 9 Marshall Islands Mauritania 859 813 602 Mauritius 81 40 53 Mexico 90 77 38 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 183 153 100 Moldova 51 49 23 Monaco Mongolia 186 161 44 Montenegro 10 11 7 Morocco 317 221 121 Mozambique 1,390 915 489 Myanmar 453 308 178 Namibia 338 352 265 Nauru Nepal 901 548 258 Netherlands 12 14 7 New Caledonia New Zealand 18 12 11 Nicaragua 173 202 150 Niger 873 794 553 Nigeria 1,350 1,170 814 Northern Mariana Islands Norway 7 7 5 Oman 30 20 17 Pakistan 431 306 178 Palau Panama 102 82 94 Papua New Guinea 470 342 215 Paraguay 150 158 132 Peru 251 140 68 Philippines 152 124 114 Poland 17 8 3 Portugal 17 13 10 Puerto Rico 26 22 14 Qatar 29 24 13 Romania 124 51 31 Russian Federation 63 57 25 Rwanda 1,300 1,020 290 Samoa 156 93 51 San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe 330 222 156 Saudi Arabia 46 23 12 Senegal 540 488 315 Serbia 14 17 17 Seychelles Sierra Leone 2,630 2,650 1,360 Singapore 12 18 10 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) Slovak Republic 11 8 6 Slovenia 12 12 9 Solomon Islands 364 214 114 Somalia 1,210 1,080 732 South Africa 108 85 138 South Sudan 1,730 1,310 789 Spain 6 5 5 Sri Lanka 75 57 30 St. Kitts and Nevis 44 145 7 St. Lucia 45 54 48 St. Martin (French part) St. Vincent and the Grenadines 58 74 45 Sudan 744 544 311 Suriname 127 259 155 Swaziland 635 586 389 Sweden 8 5 4 Switzerland 8 7 5 Syrian Arab Republic 123 73 68 Tajikistan 107 68 32 Tanzania 997 842 398 Thailand 40 25 20 Timor-Leste 1,080 694 215 Togo 568 491 368 Tonga 75 97 124 Trinidad and Tobago 90 62 63 Tunisia 131 84 62 Turkey 97 79 16 Turkmenistan 82 59 42 Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda 687 620 343 Ukraine 46 34 24 United Arab Emirates 17 8 6 United Kingdom 10 12 9 United States 12 12 28 Uruguay 37 31 15 Uzbekistan 54 34 36 Vanuatu 225 144 78 Venezuela, RB 94 90 95 Vietnam 139 81 54 Virgin Islands (U.S.) West Bank and Gaza 118 72 45 Yemen, Rep. 547 440 385 Zambia 577 541 224 Zimbabwe 440 590 443 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2016 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released December, 2017. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2016, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html on May 30, 2018 9:11:06 AM

List of aggregated data by region

Region 1990 2015 World 385 216 Arab World 289 156 Caribbean small states 94 99 Central Europe and the Baltics 41 11 East Asia & Pacific 159 59 Euro area 11 6 Europe & Central Asia 44 16 European Union 18 8

List of aggregated data by focus subject

Focus subject 1990 2015 Fragile and conflict affected situations 792 481 Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 957 482 Latin America & Caribbean 135 67 Least developed countries: UN classification 903 436 Middle East & North Africa 166 81 North America 11 13 OECD members 32 14 Other small states 538 316 Pacific island small states 176 75 Small states 428 272 South Asia 558 182 Sub-Saharan Africa 987 547 High income 15 10 Low & middle income 425 237 Low income 1,010 496 Lower middle income 533 251 Middle income 349 180 Upper middle income 114 54

See also List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates List of countries by maternal mortality ratio List of countries by death rate Maternal mortality

References