In South Korea, there are a number of national television networks, the three largest of which are KBS, MBC, and SBS. Most of the major television studios are located on Yeouido and Sangam-dong, Seoul. South Korea became the fourth adopter in Asia when television broadcasting began on 12 May 1956 with the opening of HLKZ-TV, a commercially operated television station. HLKZ-TV was established by the RCA Distribution Company (KORCAD) in Seoul with 186–192 MHz, 100-watt output, and 525 scanning lines.
Important genres of television shows include serial dramas, historical dramas, variety shows, game shows, news programs, and documentaries. All three networks have produced increasingly lavish historical dramas in recent years. Some South Korean television programs are available on satellite and multicultural channels in foreign countries. South Korean television dramas have been widely popular in other East Asian, South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, and became popularized internationally at a later stage, with whole sets of videotapes or DVDs of series available with completed subtitles in different languages, online subtitle websites are also created by numerous fan clubs to cater to a global audience. Shopping channels have become quite popular in recent years as well, and the models sometimes put on entertaining acts during product pitches.
Most cable operators in South Korea were consolidated into 3 major telecommunication companies, KT, SK Telecom, and LG Uplus. They also operates Internet Protocol television services. There are approximately 14 million cable TV subscribers nationwide. The cable operator provides TPS to its subscribers. (with the exception of Arirang which is free).
History Since the beginning of the 1950s, television was introduced to Korea by RCA to sell second-hand black & white TV sets as a marketing scheme. Some TV sets were strategically set up at Pagoda Park, others at the Seoul Station and Gwanghwamun during this time. However it was not until 1956 when South Korea began its own television broadcasting station, the HLKZ-TV, part of the KORCAD (RCA Distribution Company). The first ever Korean television drama, 천국의 문 (The Gates of Heaven) debuted the same year, planning director Choi Chang-Bong spent two and a half months continuously fixing the script, preparing sets and even the first instance of special effects, all for a drama that lasted no longer than fifteen minutes.
Following the establishment of KORCAD TV, the Catholic Kyunghyang Shinmun planned to obtain a television license, without specifying what channel would they use.
The early 1960s saw a phenomenal growth in television broadcasting. On 1 October 1961 the first full-scale television station, HLKA-TV (now known as KBS 1TV), was established and began operation under the Ministry of Culture and Public Information.
Following KBS was Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation's TBC-TV which was launched in 1964, and ran until merged in 1980. It was the first private television network in South Korea.
The second commercial television system, MBC-TV, made its debut in 1969. The advent of MBC-TV brought significant development to the television industry in Korea and after 1969 the television industry was characterized by furious competition among the three networks.
Satellite links were established in June 1970. Early events included the Apollo 15 moon landing and Richard Nixon's visit to Beijing.
The 1970s were highlighted by government intervention into the media system in Korea. In 1972, President Park Chung Hee government imposed censorship upon media through the Martial Law Decree. The government revised the Broadcasting Law under the pretext of improving the quality of television programming. After the revision of the law, the government expanded its control of media content by requiring all television and radio stations to review programming before and after transmission. Although the government argued that its action was taken as a result of growing public criticism of broadcasting media practices, many accused the government of wanting to establish a monopoly over television broadcasting.
The 1980s were the golden years for South Korea's television industry. Growth was phenomenal in every dimension: the number of programming hours per week rose from 56 in 1979 to nearly 88.5 in 1989; the number of television stations increased from 12 in 1979 to 78 by 1989; and the number of television sets grew from four million in 1979 to nearly six million in the same period. Despite producing color televisions for export, color television was not officially introduced in the country until late 1980.Color television finally comes to South Korea market -- with a rush, Christian Science Monitor, 17 March 1981 Color broadcasting, however, occasioned a renewal of strong competition among the networks. However, the South Korean TV industry was also suffered huge blows in this decade. During Chun Doo-hwan's regime, several newspapers, broadcasters and publications were forcibly closed, or were merged into a single organization. One of which is TBC-TV which was awarded to KBS. TBC-TV was then replaced by KBS 2TV. After the country's 1987 democratic reforms, several regulations were imposed to insulate broadcasters from political influence. For example, the National Assembly established the Foundation for Broadcast Culture to insulate MBC from political influence and KBS.
At the beginning of the 1990s, with the introduction of cable television, the government initiated an experimental multi-channel and multi-purpose cable television service. In addition, South Korea launched its first broadcasting/communication satellite, Mugungwha 1, to 36,000 km above the equator in 1995. The development of an integrated broadband network took the form of B-ISDN immediately after the turn of the century. This decade was a period of great technological change in the South Korean broadcasting industry, which made broadcast media even more important than in the past. In this decade the South Korean broadcasting industry added to the service with new technological developments such as DBS, satellites, and interactive cable systems, all of which have allowed South Korea to participate fully in the information society.
On 22 July 2009, after heated political debates, an amendment of the Media Law passed the National Assembly of South Korea to deregulate the media market of South Korea. On 31 December 2010, four general Cable Television networks were licensed.
Analogue television services ended on 31 December 2012.
National networks In South Korea, there are four nationwide television networks, three general networks and one educational network as follows:
Name Channels(Seoul Capital Area) Channels(Busan region) Channels(Jeju region) Launch Type & OwnerKorean Broadcasting System (KBS)한국방송공사韓國放送公社KBS1 SeoulHLKA-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 9–1) KBS2 SeoulHLKC-DTV (Channel 7–1) KBS News 24 SeoulHLKA-UHDTV (Channel 9–2)KBS1 BusanHLKB-DTV (Channel 9–1) KBS2 BusanHLKE-DTV (Channel 7–1) KBS News 24 JejuHLKS-DTV (Channel 9–2)KBS1 JejuHLKS-DTV (Channel 9–1) KBS2 JejuHLCF-DTV (Channel 7–1) KBS News 24 JejuHLCF-DTV (Channel 9–2) (KBS1) (KBS2) (KBS News 24)Public broadcastingGovernment of South KoreaEducational Broadcasting System (EBS)한국교육방송공사韓國敎育放送公社EBS1 TV lHLQL-DTV (Channel 10–1) EBS2 TV lHLQL-DTV (Channel 10–2)EBS1 TV lHLQL-DTV (Channel 10–1) EBS2 TV lHLQL-DTV (Channel 10–2)EBS1 TV lHLQL-DTV (Channel 10–1) EBS2 TV lHLQL-DTV (Channel 10–2) (EBS 1) (EBS 2)Public broadcastingGovernment of South KoreaMunhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)MBC 네트워크株式會社文化放送Seoul MBC TVHLKV-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 11–1) Seoul MBC News NOWHLKV-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 11–2)Busan MBC TVHLKU-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 11–1) Busan MBC News NOWHLKV-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 11–2)Jeju MBC TVHLAJ-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 11–1) Jeju MBC News NOWHLKV-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 11–2) (MBC TV) (MBC News Now)Public/Commercial broadcastingThe Foundation of Broadcast CultureThe Jeongsu Scholarship FoundationSeoul Broadcasting System (SBS Network)한국민영방송연합 (SBS네트워크)SBS TVHLSQ-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 6–1)KNN TVHLDG-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 6–1)JIBS TVHLKJ-DTV (Channel 6–1)Commercial broadcastingSeoul Broadcasting System(Taeyoung Group)YTN DMB NetworkYTN DMB 네트워크mYTNHLMA-TDMB (Channel 8-B) HD mYTNHLMA-TDMB (Channel 8-B)KNN DMB (ubc u)HLDG-TDMB (Channel 12-C)JIBS DMB2HLKJ-TDMB (Channel 13-C)Commercial broadcastingYTN Group
List of television channels All of these are free-to-air channels. Furthermore, all of them are the official digital terrestrial television and ATSC providers of the nation (since 2005, approved by the Korean Government).
Public broadcasting channels Name Owner Launch Genre Description KBS1 KBS News, drama, culture, kids and sports The channel's callsign is HLKA-DTV and HLKA-UHDTV. KBS2 KBS Variety, sports and entertainment Formerly known as TBC, renamed to KBS 2TV in 1980. The channel's callsign is HLSA-DTV. KBS News 24 KBS News, live events, emergency alerts ATSC 3.0 only channel, broadcasting in HD format. The channel's callsign is HLKA-UHDTV. EBS1 EBS Education, News, Kids Entertainment Formerly known as KBS 3TV, renamed to EBS in 1990. The channel's callsign is HLQL-DTV. EBS2 EBS Education ATSC 3.0 only channel, broadcasting in HD format. The channel's callsign is HLQL-DTV. MBC TV MBC News and entertainment The Channel's callsign is HLKV-DTV and HLKV-UHDTV MBC News Now MBC News and entertainment The Channel's callsign is HLKV-DTV and HLKV-UHDTV
Commercial broadcasting channels In South Korea, many commercial television networks have been created after the deregulation taken in 1961 till 1990.South Korea , The Museum of Broadcast Communications, Retrieved on 21 March 2009 SBS is responsible in distributing its programming content nationally, but is not responsible for producing local content aired by their affiliates.
MBC Networks Channel Local broadcasting companies affiliated with MBC Networks originally started as affiliated broadcasting stations in the same way as SBS Networks.
After Policy for Merger and Abolition of the Press, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation took over 50% of the shares in local broadcasting stations, and all local broadcasting stations became subsidiaries of Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation.
Due to this background, MBC Networks is currently operating simultaneously with the characteristics of public broadcasting and commercial broadcasting.