Fathers of Confederation

The Fathers of Confederation are the 36 people who attended at least one of the Charlottetown Conference of 1864 (23 attendees), the Quebec Conference of 1864 (33 attendees), and the London Conference of 1866 (16 attendees), preceding Canadian Confederation. Only twelve people attended all three conferences.

Table of participation The following table lists the participants in the Charlottetown, Quebec, and London Conferences and their attendance at each stage.

Participant Portrait Province (Current) Charlottetown Quebec City London Sir Adams George Archibald Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes George Brown Ontario Yes Yes No Sir Alexander Campbell Ontario Yes Yes No Sir Frederick Carter Newfoundland and Labrador No Yes No Sir George-Étienne Cartier Quebec Yes Yes Yes Edward Barron Chandler New Brunswick Yes Yes Yes Jean-Charles Chapais Quebec No Yes No James Cockburn Ontario No Yes No George Coles Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No Robert B. Dickey Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes Charles Fisher New Brunswick No Yes Yes Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt Quebec Yes Yes Yes John Hamilton Gray Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No John Hamilton Gray New Brunswick Yes No No Thomas Heath Haviland Prince Edward Island No Yes No William Alexander Henry Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes Sir William Pearce Howland Ontario No No Yes John Mercer Johnson New Brunswick Yes Yes Yes Sir Hector-Louis Langevin Quebec Yes Yes Yes Andrew Archibald Macdonald Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No Sir John A. Macdonald Ontario Yes Yes Yes Jonathan McCully Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes William McDougall Ontario Yes Yes Yes Thomas D'Arcy McGee Quebec Yes Yes No Peter Mitchell New Brunswick No Yes Yes Sir Oliver Mowat Ontario No Yes No Edward Palmer Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No William Henry Pope Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No John William Ritchie Nova Scotia No No Yes Sir Ambrose Shea Newfoundland and Labrador No Yes No William H. Steeves New Brunswick Yes Yes No Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché Quebec No Yes No Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley New Brunswick Yes Yes Yes Sir Charles Tupper Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes Edward Whelan Prince Edward Island No Yes No Robert Duncan Wilmot New Brunswick No No Yes

Group photographs and paintings

Other possible claimants to title Four other individuals have been labelled as Fathers of Confederation. Hewitt Bernard, who was the recording secretary at the Charlottetown Conference, is considered by some to be a Father of Confederation. The leaders most responsible for bringing three specific provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as Fathers of Confederation. The provisional government established by Louis Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which Manitoba entered Confederation in 1870. The leadership of Amor De Cosmos was instrumental both in bringing democracy to British Columbia and in bringing the province into Confederation in 1871. The province of Newfoundland entered Confederation in 1949 under the leadership of Joey Smallwood, who was then referred to as the "only living Father of Confederation".

Fathers of Confederation

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