Wind power is a major source of electricity in Germany and the Energiewende (German for 'energy turnaround') that has phased out nuclear power in 2023. Domestic generation is about 60% renewable, half of that coming from wind.
About a third of Germany's total electricity production in 2024 was generated through wind power, up from 6.2% in 2010 and 1.6% in 2000. In 2024, wind power produced 136.9 TWh, of which 111.9 TWh onshore (25.9% of electricity consumption) and 26 TWh offshore.Der Strommarkt im Jahr 2024 At the end of 2024, the total installed wind power nameplate capacity was 72.75 gigawatts (GW): 63.55 GW onshore (28,717 wind turbines)winguard.de and 9.2 GW (1,639 wind turbines) offshore.winguard.de
Despite proposals for very large Reichskraftturm wind towers between the World Wars, and the 3 Megawatt Growian project of 1976-1988 being the failure it was intended to be by some, wind power anyway became a growing industry in the country, with a number of turbine manufacturers, like Enercon, Nordex and Senvion.
The German Federal Government has enacted plans to expand offshore wind energy, with targets of 30 gigawatts by 2030, increasing to 70 gigawatts by 2045. This move is part of a strategy to enhance the country's renewable energy portfolio and reduce dependence on energy imports. To achieve these goals, the government is implementing measures to streamline planning and approval processes for wind energy projects. In 2024, the construction of 2,405 new wind turbines (14.056 GW) has been approved, a new record.wind-energie.deBundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft: Windenergie auf See: Mehr Wind, mehr Ausbeute
World leader in wind power capacity The United Kingdom has the best potential wind resources in Europe; Germany has far less. Nevertheless in the late 20th century Germany built the largest wind power capacity worldwide. Volkmar Lauber explains this achievement in terms of seven advantages inside Germany:Volkmar Lauber, “Wind power policy in Germany and the UK: Different choices leading to divergent outcomes" in Learning from Wind Power: Governance, Societal and Policy Perspectives on Sustainable Energy edited by Joseph Szarka, Richard Powell, Geraint Ellis, Peter A. Strachan, and Charles Warren (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) pp. 38-60 . online
In terms of politics and public opinion Germany demonstrated the strongest national commitment to renewable energy; Superior national governance emphasizing effectiveness; Deployment of cost-effective efficiency innovations; Administrative efficiency and simplicity; Rapid buildup of a domestic equipment industry; Emergence of new entrepreneurs more committed to renewable energy than the old established electric companies; Outpouring of acceptance and support throughout German society and politics.
Onshore wind power Since 1995, onshore wind energy has been an important and major industry in Germany. In 1995, the gross production of onshore wind power was 1,530 GWh. By 2019, gross production from onshore wind power was over 101,000 GWh, allowing Germany to power about a fifth of the country from wind. Larger onshore installations are in the works, which could possibly see a larger percentage of wind energy powering Germany. Germany is also notable for having some major wind turbine manufacturers based there, such as Enercon in Aurich, Senvion in Hamburg, and Nordex in Rostock.
Offshore wind power
Offshore wind energy also has great potential in Germany. Wind speed at sea is 70 to 100% higher than onshore and much more constant. As of 2007, a new generation of 5 MW or larger wind turbines which are capable of making full use of the potential of wind power at sea had been developed. This made it possible to operate offshore wind farms in a cost-effective way.
On 15 July 2009, the first offshore German windturbine completed construction. This turbine is the first of a total of 12 wind turbines for the alpha ventus offshore wind farm in the North Sea.Alpha Ventus
Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, Germany's federal government began work on a new plan for increasing renewable energy commercialization, with a particular focus on offshore wind farms. Under the plan, large wind turbines were to be erected far away from the coastlines, where the wind blows more consistently than it does on land, and where the enormous turbines won't bother the inhabitants. The plan aimed to decrease Germany's dependence on energy derived from coal and nuclear power plants. The German government wanted to see 7.6 GW installed by 2020 and as much as 26 GW by 2030.
A major challenge was the lack of sufficient network capacities for transmitting the power generated in the North Sea to the large industrial consumers in southern Germany.The Wall Street Journal Online, 24 April 2012
In 2014 410 turbines with 1747 megawatts were added to Germany's offshore windparks. Due to not yet finished grid-connections, only turbines with combined 528.9 megawatts were added to the grid feed at the end of 2014. Despite this, the gigawatt offshore windpower barrier was reportedly breached by Germany around the end of 2014 During 2015 offshore windpower was tripled to over 3 gigawatts capacity, signalling the growing importance of this sector.
At the end of 2019, Germany had installed 1,469 offshore wind turbines with a total capacity of 7.52 GW. Capacity in the North Sea reached 6.44 GW, capacity in the Baltic Sea reached 1.08 GW. In total, 25.8 TWh of power were produced in German offshore wind parks in 2019.
The German Federal Government, alongside the state of Lower Saxony and private sector, has pledged €300 million to finance a 30-hectare expansion of the Cuxhaven offshore terminal, with construction mandated to start before planning permission expires in February 2025. This expansion is part of a broader initiative to boost Germany's offshore wind capacity from 8.3 GW to 30 GW by 2030 and 70 GW by 2045, requiring an estimated 200 hectares of additional port area by the end of the 2020s to support new wind farm constructions. cuxhaven.de: Neue Liegeplätze für die Energiewende entstehen (25 November 2024): Three berths are being built with quay lengths of 399 meters (Berth 5), 454 meters (Berths 6.1 and 6.2), and 397 meters (Berth 7), 28 hectares of new terminal space, and ten hectares of landside space with a load capacity of 15 tons per square meter. By 2029, ships of all types up to 300 meters in length will be able to berth at berths 5 to 7. The water depths in front of the berths will be minus 17 meters above sea level (NN) for Berth 5, minus 15.50 meters for Berth 6, and minus 13 meters for Berth 7. Also jack-up vessels can use the berths.
Government support Since 2011, Germany's federal governments have been working on a new plan for increasing renewable energy commercialization, with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.
In 2016, the Third Merkel cabinet decided to replace feed-in tariffs with auctions from 2017, citing the mature nature of the windpower market being best served in this way. These auctions have resulted in some future offshore wind farms to be operated at market prices and receive no subsidy.
As part of measures to increase wind power installations and usage, the Scholz cabinet adopted a law requiring Germany to set aside 2% of its total land area by 2032 for wind energy use.
Energy transition
The 2010 "Energiewende" policy has been embraced by the German federal government and has resulted in a huge expansion of renewables, particularly wind power. Germany's share of renewables has increased from around 5% in 1999 to 17% in 2010, reaching close to the OECD average of 18% usage of renewables. Producers were guaranteed a fixed feed-in tariff for 20 years, guaranteeing a fixed income. Energy co-operatives have been created, and efforts were made to decentralize control and profits. The large energy companies had a disproportionately small share of the renewables market. Nuclear power plants were closed starting in 2011 after Fukushima, and 9 reactors closed 2015 — April 2023.
The reduction of reliance on nuclear plants temporarily had the consequence of increased reliance on fossil fuels. 2023 was the first year in which Germany imported more electricity than it exported.12 June 2024 German Economic Institute: Die Wahrheit hinter Deutschlands Import-Rekord beim Strom One factor that has inhibited efficient employment of new renewable energy has been the lack of an accompanying investment in power infrastructure (SüdLink) to bring the power to market. The transmission constraint sometimes caused Germany to pay Danish wind power to stop producing; in October/November 2015 this amounted to 96 GWh costing 1.8 million euros.
The German states have varying attitudes to the construction of new power lines. Industry has had their rates frozen and so the increased costs of the Energiewende have been passed on to consumers, who have had rising electricity bills. Germans in 2013 had some of the highest electricity costs in Europe.
Public opinion
In Germany, hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citizens' wind farms across the country and thousands of small and medium-sized enterprises are running successful businesses in a new sector that in 2015 employed 142,900 people and generated 12.3 percent of Germany's electricity in 2016.
However, more recently, there has been increasing local resistance to the expansion of wind power in Germany, due to its impact on the landscape, incidents where patches of forest were removed to build wind turbines, the emission of low frequency noise, and the negative impact on wildlife, such as birds of prey and bats. Since 2022, most of the German states have therefore adopted laws that require the financial participation of municipalities and, in some cases, residents in profits generated through local wind power plants.
Repowering Repowering, the replacement of first-generation wind turbines with modern multi-megawatt machines, is occurring in Germany. Modern turbines make better use of available wind energy and so more wind power can come from the same area of land. Modern turbines also offer much better grid integration since they use a connection method similar to conventional power plants.
Statistics
Installed wind power capacity and generation in recent years is shown in the tables below:
Total +Total installed capacity and generation in Germany (land- and sea-based combined) Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Installed capacity (MW) 55 106 174 326 618 1,121 1,549 2,089 2,877 4,435 Net generation (GW·h) 71 100 275 600 909 1,500 2,032 2,966 4,489 5,528 Capacity factor 14.74% 10.77% 17.99% 21.01% 16.79% 15.28% 14.93% 16.21% 17.81% 14.23% Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Installed capacity (MW) 6,097 8,738 11,976 14,381 16,419 18,248 20,474 22,116 22,794 25,732 Net generation (GW·h) 9,513 10,509 15,786 18,713 25,509 27,229 30,710 39,713 40,574 38,648 Capacity factor 17.76% 13.73% 15.05% 14.85% 17.69% 17.03% 17.12% 20.50% 20.26% 17.15% Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Installed capacity (MW) 26,903 28,712 30,979 33,477 38,614 44,541 49,534 55,550 59,420 61,357 Net generation (GW·h) 37,793 48,882 50,671 51,708 57,357 79,084 78,416 103,707 107,889 123,545 Capacity factor 16.04% 19.43% 18.62% 17.63% 16.96% 20.27% 18.02% 21.31% 20.73% 22.99% Year 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Installed capacity (MW) 62,708 63,865 66,204 69,444 72,750 77,878 Net generation (GW·h) 129,644 111,734 121,957 139,099 137,198 131,189 Capacity factor 23.54% 19.97% 21.03% 23.98% 21.47% 19.23%
Offshore only