King Wu of Zhou (died BC), personal name Ji Fa, was the founding king of the Zhou dynasty of China. He is considered one of the inaugurators of the Chinese dynastic cycle and a model ruler in the Confucian tradition.
King Wu's rule of the Predynastic Zhou began around 1050 BC, when he succeeded his father King Wen. Working with Jiang Ziya, he set out to complete his father's unfinished task of overthrowing the tyrannical Di Xin and his Shang dynasty. In 1046 BC, leading a coalition that included eight other states, King Wu routed Di Xin's army at the Battle of Muye and captured the Shang capital Yin, marking the end of the Shang and the rise of the Zhou.
As King of China, King Wu consolidated his rule by granting territory to his relatives and allies. He is regarded as a virtuous ruler by later Confucians, and his overthrow of the Shang features prominently in Chinese historiography as an example of the Mandate of Heaven.
Name
In bronze inscriptions, such as the Li gui, King Wu's name is occasionally contracted to wǔ . It is generally considered to be a ligature,于省吾：《利簋銘文考釋》，《文物》1977年第8期。 though it is subject to scholarly debate, with some arguing that it could be seen as a specialised variant of wu .唐蘭：《西周時代最早的一件銅器利簋銘文解釋》，《文物》1977年第8期。 The Yinggong ding () records his name as "Wǔ Dì Rì Dīng" () "King Wu, the Thearch of the Ding Day."李凯 《应公鼎“珷帝日丁”试解》 《殷都学刊》 2008年03期
The Li gui inscription goes as follows: 珷征商隹甲子朝 King Wu's campaign against Shang, on the morning of the jiazi day.
King Wu's personal name was Ji Fa .
Lineage King Wu was the second son of the Predynastic Zhou elder Ji Chang (posthumously titled King Wen of Zhou) and Tai Si. His older brother was Bo Yikao, who was passed over as a result of tradition. This is reflected in the Book of Rites.Book of Rites, Tan Gong I, 1. Accessed 4 Nov 2012. King Wu's grandfather Jili had likewise inherited Zhou despite having two older brothers.
In later accounts of Bo Yikao being passed over, it is said that Di Xin had killed him by lingchi.Brook, Timothy & al. Death by a Thousand Cuts, p. 88. Harvard Univ. Press, 2008. , 9780674027732. Among the earliest accounts of this lie in Records of Emperors and Kings () of the 9th Century, which was then transmitted and quoted through later texts, such as the historical fiction Fengshen Yanyi.刘子立。2016。伯邑考故事源流略考——兼论中国早期历史叙事的生成《文史》, 2016年第2期, 23-35页。https://wenku.baidu.com/view/bb2f8d83e65c3b3567ec102de2bd960591c6d958.html Given this only appears in accounts several centuries ahead of Di Xin's time, the historicity of this account is vanishingly unlikely.
Reign The chronology of King Wu's overall reign is disputed. However, his reign as the ruler of Predynastic Zhou is thought to have begun in 1050 BC, and his reign as King of China is thought to have begun around 1046 BC. He is then thought to have died around three years later.
King of Predynastic Zhou
Upon his succession as king of Predynastic Zhou, King Wu worked with his father-in-law Jiang Ziya to accomplish an unfinished task: overthrowing the Shang dynasty and its ruler, Di Xin, who was alleged to be a cruel and inept tyrant. He resided largely in the capital, Fengjing, and the royal center remained in Zhouyuan () near Mount Qi. During the ninth year of his reign, King Wu made a sacrifice at Bi (). He was assisted by Duke Dan of Zhou, the Duke of Bi, and the Duke of Shao in carrying out King Wen of Zhou's ambition. He marched down the Yellow River to the Mengjin ford and met with more than 800 elders. He constructed an ancestral tablet with his father's posthumous name and placed it on a chariot in the middle of the host; considering the timing unpropitious, though, he did not yet attack Shang, stating "You still do not know the Mandate of Heaven, it is not yet possible."
In the eleventh year of his reign, allegations made against Di Xin grew worse, with news of him having killed his uncle Bi Gan and imprisoning Jizi reaching King Wu's ears. Taishi Ci () and Shaoshi Qiang () fled to Zhou with their instruments. King Wu could no longer refrain from attacking the Shang, and on the wumu day of the twelfth month () led an army of 300 chariots, 3,000 elite warriors, and 45,000 armed soldiers to the Mengjin ford. There, he composed the Great Declaration () that Di Xin had lost the Mandate of Heaven, and it was time to exact Tian's punishment.
Battle of Muye
On the jiazi day of the second month () by current estimates, King Wu began his match on Muye. Sima Qian records that two boys, Boyi and Shuqi, remonstrated King Wu and pulled on the reigns of his horses before setting off, believing that the mourning period for King Wen had not finished, and that by attacking Di Xin, he was overstepping a significant boundary between ruler and citizen; therefore, King Wu was breaking away from the filial piety expressed by Emperor Shun and Emperor Yao. The Zhou army wanted to execute the boys, but Jiang Ziya stepped in and led the boys away, after which they would go on a hunger strike until their deaths.Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 ). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. As the boys were led away, King Wu took advantage of Shang disunity to begin the attack on the plain along with many neighbouring elders, beginning the Battle of Muye.
Upon approaching the battlefield, King Wu delivered the Oath at Muye (), recorded in the Book of Documents, which states that King Wu united people from the states of Yong (), Shu (), Qiang, (), Mao (), Wei (), Lu (), Peng (), and Pu () to aid his assault. Di Xin, hearing of the rebellion, deployed 700,000 soldiers to intercept the oncoming assault. Despite the numbers advantage, many Shang soldiers, who were slaves or otherwise disliked Di Xin, defected to King Wu's combined army, allowing for a total defeat. The Battle of Muye destroyed Shang's forces and then-ruler Di Xin set himself and the Deer Terrace Pavilion on fire, killing himself within. The Lost Book of Zhou, condemned by contemporary Confucian scholars, records a similar account, but states that Di Xin was executed alongside two of his consorts (presumably Daji and Jiuhou Nü). Their heads were then brought into the temple on stakes as a sacrifice was being made by King Wu post-conquest, still with blood on his clothes and axe. However, its authenticity is disputed.
The methods used by King Wu at the Battle of Muye are uncertain. Wang Xingguang and Zhang Qiang argue that King Wu had attacked from the north, based on geographic evidence and the manner in which the Yellow River must have flowed at the time.
King of China
King Wu followed his victory by composing the Great Martial Music (). A poem was also made singing praises of his victory that is recorded in the Book of Poetry, Da Ming (). The Shi Qiang pan and Yi Zhou Shu imply that King Wu continued his campaign into the Dongyi to eliminate further threats, including the Cuo (), Biao (), and Yitong ().Wang Xudong. 2022. " Shifu," the Inscription in Shi Qiang Pan, and King Wu of Zhou's Eastward Campaign after the Battle of Muye. Chinese Studies/Hanxue Yanjiu 40 (4). https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A14%3A36170254/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A161108918&crl=c&link_origin=scholar.google.com
Oracle bone evidence from Zhouyuan (), Qishan County, seems to imply that King Wu of Zhou had communicated with Shang prince Wu Geng at some point shortly after the Battle of Muye: …巳，王其乎更，厥父陟。 On the __si day, the King may call Geng; his father then/had ascended. Lu Guoquan () and Wang Junmei () interpret the line geng () as being the geng () in Wu Geng's name, using paleographic evidence from Liezi. They furthermore note that the zhi () is a euphemism for Di Xin's death, using evidence from the Book of Documents. The scholars therefore believe that Wu Geng was away from Yin at the time and King Wu summoned him to give the news and organise what to do thereafter.
Familiar with Shang ritual culture, within a year, King Wu performed a ritual in Yin.Vogt, Paul Nicholas. 2012. Between Kin and King: Social Aspects of Western Zhou Ritual. Thesis, Columbia University. Proquest. https://search.proquest.com/openview/6e6ec0f2c952f2d40111e9596401ba9d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&casa_token=QlvM9H9soyEAAAAA:zh_MLARECPK2BxGmgykXbfYMJSIwa7qcgx6QQyn-ypcdIKjO81XlzXaZcFZjrJEmB8d6ONFzHw He also made a sacrifice to King Wen of Zhou around this time, which is detailed on the Tianwang gui, thought to date to King Wu's reign. Furthermore, Wu Geng, also known as Lu Fu () and one of the heirs to the Shang throne, was allowed to preserve his state and continue Shang religious practices. This subdued state would later become the state of Song under Weizi Qi.
After performing the rituals, King Wu moved his court from Feng to the nearby Hao, leaving the older settlement to serve as a site for ancestral temples and gardens. He granted many 'feudal' states to his 16 younger brothers and to clans allied by marriage, which the Bamboo Annals records as having occurred at least a year after his victory. Shuowen Jiezi traces two characters to this precise period, specifically Yu () and Xun (), which were granted to his sons. He also enfeoffed Jiang Ziya at Yingqiu, which became Qi; Duke Dan of Zhou was enfeoffed in Qufu, becoming Lu; the Duke of Shao was enfeoffed in Yan, and then his brothers Shu Xian () in Guan and Shu Du in Cai (). The Zuo Zhuan lists Yu (), Jin, Ying, and Han () as additional states that were founded by King Wu. Despite his victory, King Wu did not fully understand why Shang had fallen, and upon asking Jizi two years later, he was too uncomfortable to say.
The enfeoffments of Shu Xian and Shu Du, as well as another brother in Shu Chu of Huo (), were not arbitrary. These locations were all close to the state of Song, allowing for continuous monitoring of the deposed Shang royal family. It is for this reason that these individuals were called the "Three Guards" (). He also allegedly enfeoffed Jizi in Chaoxian (), which would become Joseon, Korea.
The Bamboo Annals record King Wu hunting in Mount Song and moving the Nine Tripod Cauldrons to Luo () in his 15th year. In the next year, Jizi came to his court and Pugu () was annihilated. In his final years, he ordered Wang Shizi to recite at his court, and he died in winter, at 54 years old.
Personal life Little is left regarding King Wu's personal life. He had a wife, Yi Jiang, with whom he had 9 children. He was an adept hunter, with anecdotes stating him catching large amounts of game on his expeditions. King Wu was familiar with Shang ritual practice and able to quickly adapt to a transition process between Shang and Zhou society as hegemony shifted. This is shown in his use of Shang ritual shortly after his conquest, where he paid proper respects to Bi Gan, who had allegedly been killed by Di Xin.
Illness and death Two years after his victory, in his 14th year, King Wu fell ill. Duke Dan of Zhou prayed for his health, composing jinteng "Metal-Bound Coffer" in King Wu's 14th year, which would be repeated in the Book of Documents. Wang Chong repeats the prayer as follows: 予仁若考，多才多藝，能事鬼神。 乃元孫某，不若旦多才多藝，不能事鬼神。
I am benevolent and compliant like my ancestors, possessed of many talents and arts, and am able to serve the ghosts and gods. As for your primary grandson (King Wu), he is not like me, Dan, in being possessed of many talents and arts, nor is he able to serve the ghosts and gods.
After 5 years of ruling China, in the 17th year of his rule of the Zhou, King Wu died in the winter. His death provoked several rebellions against his young heir King Cheng and the regent Ji Dan, even from three of his brothers following Wu Geng's conspiracy with them.
Tomb