Events
Pre-1600 61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday. 440 – Consecration of pope Leo I, later called Leo the Great, following the death of pope Sixtus III in the month before. 855 – Pope Benedict III is restored by a popular uprising to the papacy after king Louis II of Italy tried to replace him with his favourite candidate. 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner. 1227 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades during the Investiture Controversy. 1267 – The Treaty of Montgomery recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales, but only as a vassal of King Henry III. 1364 – During the Hundred Years' War, Anglo-Breton forces defeat the Franco-Breton army in Brittany, ending the War of the Breton Succession. 1567 – During the French War of Religion, Protestant coup officials in Nîmes massacre Catholic priests in an event now known as the Michelade. 1578 – Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, is claimed by the Spaniards.
1601–1900 1669 – Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki is crowned king following the 1669 Polish–Lithuanian royal election. 1714 – The Cossacks of the Tsardom of Russia kill about 800 people overnight in Hailuoto during the Great Wrath. 1717 – An earthquake strikes Antigua Guatemala, destroying much of the city's architecture. 1724 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130 for the feast of archangel Michael, based on Paul Eber's hymn in twelve stanzas. 1726 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 130, for the feast of Michael, the archangel. 1789 – The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men. 1829 – The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met, is founded. 1848 – The Battle of Pákozd is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces and is the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution. 1850 – The papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae restores the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales. 1855 – The Philippine port of Iloilo is opened to world trade by the Spanish administration. 1864 – The Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought in the American Civil War. 1864 – The Treaty of Lisbon defines the boundaries between Spain and Portugal and abolishes the Couto Misto microstate. 1885 – The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England.
1901–present 1907 – The cornerstone is laid at the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (better known as Washington National Cathedral) in Washington, D.C. 1911 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire, In this war , Italy gains Libya which ends Ottoman rule in North Africa . 1918 – World War I: Bulgaria signs the Armistice of Salonica ending its participation. 1918 – World War I: The Hindenburg Line is broken by an Allied attack. 1918 – World War I: Germany's Supreme Army Command tells Kaiser Wilhelm II and Imperial Chancellor Georg Michaelis to open negotiations for an armistice to end the war. 1920 – Ukrainian War of Independence: The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic agree to a truce with the Makhnovshchina. 1923 – The Mandate for Palestine takes effect, creating Mandatory Palestine. 1923 – The Mandate for Syria and Lebanon takes effect. 1923 – The First American Track and Field championships for women are held. 1932 – Last day of the Battle of Boquerón between Paraguay and Bolivia during the Chaco War. 1940 – Two Avro Ansons collide in mid-air over New South Wales, Australia, remain locked together, then land safely. 1941 – During World War II, German forces, with the aid of local Ukrainian collaborators, begin the two-day Babi Yar massacre. 1954 – The convention establishing CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed. 1957 – The Kyshtym disaster is the third-worst nuclear accident ever recorded. 1959 – A Lockheed L-188 Electra crashes in Buffalo, Texas, killing 34 people. 1971 – Oman joins the Arab League. 1972 – Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China. 1975 – WGPR becomes the first black-owned-and-operated television station in the US. 1979 – Equatorial Guinean dictator Francisco Macías Nguema is executed by soldiers from Western Sahara. 1981 – An Iranian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft crashes into a firing range near Kahrizak, Iran, killing 80 people. 1988 – NASA launches STS-26, the first Space Shuttle mission since the Challenger disaster. 1990 – Construction of the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (better known as Washington National Cathedral) is completed in Washington, D.C. 1990 – The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time. 1990 – The Tampere Hall, the largest concert and congress center in the Nordic countries, is inaugurated in Tampere, Finland. 1991 – A Haitian coup d'état occurs. 1992 – Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello is impeached. 2004 – The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth. 2004 – Burt Rutan's Ansari SpaceShipOne performs a successful spaceflight, the first of two required to win the Ansari X Prize. 2005 – John Roberts is confirmed as Chief Justice of the United States. 2006 – A Boeing 737 and an Embraer 600 collide in mid-air, killing 154 people and triggering a Brazilian aviation crisis. 2007 – Calder Hall, the world's first commercial nuclear power station, is demolished in a controlled explosion. 2008 – The stock market crashes with the Dow Jones dropping a then record 778 points after the United States House of Representatives vote on the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act fails during the beginning stages of the Great Recession. 2009 – The 8.1 Samoa earthquake results in a tsunami that kills over 189 and injures hundreds. 2011 – The special court in India convicted all 269 accused officials for atrocity on Dalits and 17 for rape in the Vachathi case. 2013 – Over 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram at the College of Agriculture in Nigeria. 2016 – Eleven days after the Uri attack, the Indian Army conducts "surgical strikes" against suspected militants in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. 2019 – Violence and low turnout mar the 2019 Afghan presidential election.
Births
Pre-1600 106 BC – Pompey, Roman general and politician (died 48 BC) 1240 – Margaret of England, Queen consort of Scots (died 1275) 1402 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (died 1443) 1511 – Michael Servetus, Spanish physician, cartographer, and theologian (died 1553) 1527 – John Lesley, Scottish bishop (died 1596) 1547 – Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright (died 1616) 1548 – William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1626) 1561 – Adriaan van Roomen, Flemish priest and mathematician (died 1615) 1574 – Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, Scottish nobleman and politician (died 1624)
1601–1900 1602 – Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, English military leader (died 1668) 1636 – Thomas Tenison, English archbishop (died 1715) 1639 – William Russell, Lord Russell, English politician (died 1683) 1640 – Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor and educator (died 1720) 1673 – Jacques-Martin Hotteterre, French flute player and composer (died 1763) 1691 – Richard Challoner, English bishop (died 1781) 1703 – François Boucher, French painter and set designer (died 1770) 1725 – Robert Clive, English general and politician, first Governor General of the Bengal Presidency (died 1774) 1758 – Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, English admiral (died 1805) 1766 – Charlotte, Princess Royal of England (died 1828) 1786 – Guadalupe Victoria, Mexican general and politician (died 1843) 1803 – Jacques Charles François Sturm, French mathematician and theorist (died 1850) 1808 – Henry Bennett, American lawyer and politician (died 1868) 1810 – Elizabeth Gaskell, English author (died 1865) 1812 – Adolph Göpel, German mathematician (died 1847) 1832 – Joachim Oppenheim, Czech rabbi and author (died 1891) 1832 – Miguel Miramón, Unconstitutional president of Mexico (died 1867) 1843 – Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (died 1882) 1844 – Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 10th President of Argentina (died 1909) 1844 – Edward Pulsford, English-Australian politician and free-trade campaigner (died 1919) 1853 – Luther D. Bradley, American cartoonist (died 1917) 1863 – Ludwig Holborn, German physicist (died 1926) 1863 – Hugo Haase, German lawyer, jurist, and politician (died 1919) 1864 – Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish philosopher and author (died 1936) 1866 – Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Ukrainian historian, academic, and politician (died 1934) 1881 – Ludwig von Mises, Austrian-American economist, sociologist, and philosopher (died 1973) 1882 – Lilias Armstrong, English phonetician (died 1937) 1891 – Ian Fairweather, Scottish-Australian painter (died 1974) 1895 – Clarence Ashley, American singer, guitarist, and banjo player (died 1967) 1895 – Joseph Banks Rhine, American botanist and parapsychologist (died 1980) 1895 – Roscoe Turner, American pilot (died 1970) 1897 – Herbert Agar, American journalist and historian (died 1980) 1898 – Trofim Lysenko, Ukrainian-Russian biologist and agronomist (died 1976) 1899 – László Bíró, Hungarian-Argentinian journalist and inventor, invented the ballpoint pen (died 1985) 1899 – Billy Butlin, South African-English businessman, founded Butlins (died 1980)
1901–present 1901 – Lanza del Vasto, Italian poet, philosopher, and activist (died 1981) 1901 – Enrico Fermi, Italian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1954) 1903 – Miguel Alemán Valdés, Mexican lawyer and civilian politician, 46th President of Mexico (died 1983) 1903 – Diana Vreeland, American journalist (died 1989) 1904 – Greer Garson, English-American actress (died 1996) 1904 – Michał Waszyński, Polish film director and producer (died 1965) 1905 – Fidel LaBarba, American boxer and sportswriter (died 1981) 1906 – Henry Nash Smith, American academic (died 1986) 1907 – Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and businessman (died 1998) 1907 – George W. Jenkins, American businessman, founded Publix (died 1996) 1908 – Eddie Tolan, American sprinter and educator (died 1967) 1909 – Virginia Bruce, American actress (died 1982) 1910 – Bill Boyd, American singer and guitarist (died 1977) 1910 – Diosdado Macapagal, Philippine politician, 9th President of the Philippines (died 1997) 1911 – Charles Court, English-Australian politician, 21st Premier of Western Australia (died 2007) 1911 – Reginald Victor Jones, British physicist and scientific military intelligence expert (died 1997) 1912 – Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian director and screenwriter (died 2007) 1913 – Trevor Howard, English actor (died 1988) 1913 – Stanley Kramer, American director and producer (died 2001) 1913 – Rutherford Ness Robertson, Australian botanist and biologist (died 2001) 1914 – Olive Dehn, English author and poet (died 2007) 1915 – Vincent DeDomenico, American businessman, founded the Napa Valley Wine Train (died 2007) 1915 – Oscar Handlin, American historian and academic (died 2011) 1915 – Brenda Marshall, American actress (died 1992) 1916 – Carl Giles, English cartoonist (died 1995) 1916 – Josef Traxel, German operatic tenor (died 1975) 1918 – Billy Bevis, English footballer (died 1994) 1919 – Bill Proud, English cricketer (died 1961) 1920 – Peter D. Mitchell, English biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1992) 1921 – James Cross, Irish-British diplomat (died 2021) 1921 – John Ritchie, New Zealand composer and educator (died 2014) 1922 – Reed Irvine, American economist and activist (died 2004)