The McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer that was based in St. Louis, Missouri. The company was founded on July 6, 1939, by James Smith McDonnell, and was best known for its military fighters, including the F-4 Phantom II, and crewed spacecraft including the Mercury capsule and Gemini capsule. McDonnell Aircraft later merged with the Douglas Aircraft Company to form McDonnell Douglas in 1967.

History James McDonnell founded J.S. McDonnell & Associates in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1928 to produce a small aircraft for family use.J.S. McDonnell & Associates, Early years: 1927-1938 (part 1) , Boeing.com. The economic depression from 1929 ruined his plans and the company collapsed. He went to work for Glenn L. Martin.J.S. McDonnell & Associates, Early years: 1927-1938 (part 2) , Boeing.com.

He left in 1938 to try again with his own firm, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, based at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1939. World War II was a major boost to the new company. It grew from 15 employees in 1939 to 5,000 at the end of the war and became a significant aircraft parts producer, and developed the XP-67 Bat fighter prototype.McDonnell Aircraft Corp, The War Years: 1939-1945 (part 1) , Boeing.com. McDonnell also developed the LBD-1 Gargoyle guided missile.McDonnell Aircraft Corp, The War Years: 1939-1945 (part 2) , Boeing.com. McDonnell Aircraft suffered after the war with an end of government orders and a surplus of aircraft, and heavily cut its workforce. The advent of the Korean War helped push McDonnell into a major military fighter supply role.

In 1943, McDonnell began developing jets when they were invited to bid in a US Navy contest and eventually built the successful FH-1 Phantom in the postwar era. The Phantom introduced McDonnell's telltale design with engines placed forward under the fuselage and exiting just behind the wing, a layout that was used successfully on the F2H Banshee, F3H Demon, and the F-101 Voodoo. David S. Lewis joined the company as Chief of Aerodynamics in 1946. He led the development of the legendary F-4 Phantom II in 1954, which was introduced into service in 1960. Lewis became Executive Vice President in 1958, and finally became President and Chief Operating Officer in 1962.

McDonnell made a number of missiles, including the pioneering Gargoyle and unusual ADM-20 Quail, as well as experimenting with hypersonic flight, research that enabled them to gain a substantial share of the NASA projects Mercury and Gemini. The success of the Mercury capsule led the company adopted a new logo features the capsule circling a globe with the motto "First Free Man in Space". The company was now a major employer, but was having problems. It had almost no civilian business, and was thus vulnerable to any peacetime downturn in procurement.

Meanwhile, Douglas Aircraft was reeling from cash flow problems and development costs. It was also having a hard time meeting demand. The two companies began sounding each other out about a merger in 1963. On paper, they were a good match. Douglas' civilian business would have been more than enough to allow McDonnell to withstand any downturns in military procurement, while the cash flow from McDonnell's military contracts would have given Douglas badly needed security. Douglas formally accepted McDonnell's offer in December 1966, and the two firms officially merged on April 28, 1967, as the McDonnell Douglas Corporation (MDC). Soon after the merger was announced, McDonnell bought 1.5 million shares of Douglas stock to help Douglas meet "immediate financial requirements". McDonnell management dominated the merged company. It was based at McDonnell's facility in St. Louis, with James McDonnell as chairman and CEO. In 1967, with the merger of McDonnell and Douglas Aircraft, David Lewis, then president of McDonnell, was named chairman of what was called the Douglas Aircraft Division. After managing the turnaround of the division, he returned to St. Louis in 1969 as president of McDonnell Douglas.

McDonnell Douglas later merged with Boeing in August 1997.Boeing Chronology, 1997–2001 , Boeing Boeing's defense and space division includes the part purchased from Rockwell (ROK) in 1986 and is based at the former McDonnell facility in St. Louis, and is responsible for defense and space products and services. McDonnell Douglas' legacy product programs include the F-15 Eagle, AV-8B Harrier II, F/A-18 Hornet, and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.

Products

Aircraft Model name First flight Number built Type McDonnell XP-67 1944 1 Prototype twin piston engine interceptor fighter McDonnell FH Phantom 1945 62 Twin jet engine fighter McDonnell XHJH-1 Whirlaway 1946 1 Twin piston engine helicopter McDonnell F2H Banshee 1947 895 Twin jet engine fighter McDonnell XH-20 Little Henry 1947 2 Prototype twin ramjet light helicopter McDonnell XF-85 Goblin 1948 2 Prototype single jet engine parasite fighter McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo 1948 2 Prototype twin jet engine fighter McDonnell F3H Demon 1951 519 Single jet engine fighter McDonnell XV-1 1954 2 Experimental single piston engine compound gyroplane McDonnell F-101 Voodoo 1954 807 Twin jet engine fighter McDonnell 120 1957 2 Experimental three ramjet light helicopter McDonnell F-4 Phantom II 1958 5,195 Twin jet engine fighter McDonnell 119 1959 1 Prototype four engine business jet

Crewed spacecraft Mercury capsuleFrancillon 1979, p. 45. Gemini capsuleFrancillon 1979, p. 46. ASSET spaceplane

Missiles and drones ADM-20 Quail LBD Gargoyle TD2D/KDD/KDH Katydid target drone, 1942

Aircraft engines PJ42 pulse-jet engine

Selected projects McDonnell HRH, two engine compound gyroplane transport for US Marine Corps, 1950 McDonnell HCH, two engine heavy-lift helicopter for US Navy, 1952 McDonnell 188, four engine short takeoff and landing (STOL) transport, proposed licensed production of Bréguet 941, 1961

Leadership

President James Smith McDonnell Jr., 1939–1962 David Sloan Lewis Jr., 1962–1967

Chairman of the Board James Smith McDonnell Jr., 1962–1967

References

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London:Putnam, 1979. .

External links

McDonnell Aircraft history 1939–1945 (archived copy) McDonnell Aircraft history 1946–1956 (archived copy) McDonnell Aircraft history 1957–1967 (archived copy) McDonnell Gemini Space Program 1963–1966 (archived copy) List of all McDonnell model numbers through 1974 (PDF). Aviationarchives.net M.A.C. Weekly Bulletin – The Museum of Flight Digital Collections