Events Pre-1600 14 – The Roman Senate decides to deify the late emperor Augustus. 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". 1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Empire to recover central Anatolia from the Seljuk Turks. 1382 – Louis the Great's daughter, Mary, is crowned "king" of Hungary. 1390 – Manuel drives his nephew John VII, who had declared himself emperor in April of that year, out from Constantinople and ends John's reign. 1462 – Thirteen Years' War: A Polish army under Piotr Dunin decisively defeats the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Świecino. 1543 – The first Finnish-language book, the Abckiria by Mikael Agricola, is published in Stockholm. 1577 – The Treaty of Bergerac is signed between King Henry III of France and the Huguenots.
1601–1900 1620 – Polish–Ottoman War: The Ottoman Empire defeats the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Battle of Cecora. 1630 – The city of Boston, Massachusetts, is founded in North America. 1631 – Sweden wins a major victory at the Battle of Breitenfeld against the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. 1658 – The Battle of Vilanova is fought between Portugal and Spain during the Portuguese Restoration War. 1683 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek writes a letter to the Royal Society describing "animalcules", later known as protozoa. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The invasion of Quebec by the Continental Army begins with the Siege of Fort St. Jean. 1776 – The Presidio of San Francisco is founded in New Spain. 1778 – The Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed. It is the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe. 1787 – The United States Constitution is signed at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, bringing the Constitutional Convention to an end. 1793 – War of the Pyrenees: France defeats a Spanish force at the Battle of Peyrestortes. 1794 – Flanders Campaign: France completes its conquest of the Austrian Netherlands at the Battle of Sprimont. 1809 – Peace between Sweden and Russia in the Finnish War; the territory that will become Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn. 1849 – American abolitionist Harriet Tubman makes her first attempt to escape from slavery. 1859 – Joshua A. Norton declares himself "Norton I, Emperor of the United States". 1861 – Argentine Civil Wars: The State of Buenos Aires defeats the Argentine Confederation at the Battle of Pavón. 1862 – American Civil War: George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac halts the first invasion of the North by Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia in the single-day Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest day in American military history. 1862 – American Civil War: The Allegheny Arsenal explosion in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania results in the single largest civilian disaster during the war. 1894 – Battle of the Yalu River, the largest naval engagement of the First Sino-Japanese War. 1900 – Philippine–American War: Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat Americans under Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham Jr. at Mabitac.
1901–present 1901 – Second Boer War: A Boer column defeats a British force at the Battle of Blood River Poort. 1901 – Second Boer War: Boers capture a squadron of the 17th Lancers at the Battle of Elands River. 1908 – The Wright Flyer flown by Orville Wright, with Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge as passenger, crashes, killing Selfridge, who becomes the first airplane fatality. 1914 – Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time. 1914 – World War I: The Race to the Sea begins. 1916 – World War I: Manfred von Richthofen ("The Red Baron"), a flying ace of the German Luftstreitkräfte, wins his first aerial combat near Cambrai, France. 1920 – The National Football League is organized as the American Professional Football Association in Canton, Ohio. 1924 – The Border Protection Corps is established in the Second Polish Republic for the defence of the eastern border against armed Soviet raids and local bandits. 1928 – The Okeechobee hurricane strikes southeastern Florida, killing more than 2,500 people. 1930 – The Kurdish Ararat rebellion is suppressed by the Turks. 1932 – A speech by Laureano Gómez leads to the escalation of the Leticia Incident. 1935 – The Niagara Gorge Railroad ceases operations after a rockslide. 1939 – World War II: The Soviet invasion of Poland begins. 1939 – World War II: sinks the British aircraft carrier . 1940 – World War II: Due to setbacks in the Battle of Britain and approaching autumn weather, Hitler postpones Operation Sea Lion. 1941 – World War II: A decree of the Soviet State Committee of Defense restores compulsory military training. 1941 – World War II: Soviet forces enter Tehran during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. 1944 – World War II: Allied airborne troops parachute into the Netherlands as the "Market" half of Operation Market Garden and British XXX Corps advances into the Netherlands as the "Garden" half of the Operation. 1944 – World War II: Soviet troops launch the Tallinn Offensive against Germany and pro-independence Estonian units. 1944 – World War II: German forces are attacked by the Allies in the Battle of San Marino. 1948 – The Lehi (also known as the Stern gang) assassinates Count Folke Bernadotte, who was appointed by the United Nations to mediate between the Arab nations and Israel. 1948 – The Nizam of Hyderabad surrenders his sovereignty over the Hyderabad State and joins the Indian Union. 1949 – The Canadian steamship burns in Toronto Harbour with the loss of over 118 lives. 1950 – The People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps (Then known as the PLAAF 1st Ground Forces Brigade) is founded. 1950 – The Republic of India formally recognised the State of Israel. 1961 – The world's first retractable roof stadium, the Civic Arena, opens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1961 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 706 crashes during takeoff from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, killing all 37 people on board. 1965 – The Battle of Chawinda is fought between Pakistan and India. 1974 – Bangladesh, Grenada and Guinea-Bissau join the United Nations. 1976 – The Space Shuttle Enterprise is unveiled by NASA. 1978 – The Camp David Accords are signed by Israel and Egypt. 1980 – After weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland, the nationwide independent trade union Solidarity is established. 1980 – Former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle is killed in Asunción, Paraguay. 1983 – Vanessa Williams becomes the first black Miss America. 1991 – Estonia, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands and Micronesia join the United Nations. 1991 – The first version of the Linux kernel (0.01) is released to the Internet. 1992 – An Iranian Kurdish leader and his two joiners are assassinated by political militants in Berlin. 2001 – The New York Stock Exchange reopens for trading after the September 11 attacks, the longest closure since the Great Depression. 2001 – George W. Bush, president of the United States, delivers remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington praising Muslim Americans and condemning Islamophobia in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. 2006 – Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska erupts, marking the first eruption for the volcano in at least 10,000 years. 2006 – An audio tape of a private speech by Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány is leaked to the public, in which he confessed that his Hungarian Socialist Party had lied to win the 2006 election, sparking widespread protests across the country. 2011 – Occupy Wall Street movement begins in Zuccotti Park, New York City. 2013 – Grand Theft Auto V earns more than half a billion dollars on its first day of release. 2016 – Two bombs explode in Seaside Park, New Jersey, and Manhattan. Thirty-one people are injured in the Manhattan bombing. 2018 – A Russian reconnaissance aircraft carrying 15 people on board is brought down by a Syrian surface-to-air missile over the Mediterranean Sea. 2025 – Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign the Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement.
Births Pre-1600 879 – Charles the Simple, Frankish king (died 929) 1433 – James of Portugal, Portuguese prince and cardinal (died 1459) 1479 – Celio Calcagnini, Italian astronomer (died 1541) 1550 – Paul V, pope of the Catholic Church (died 1621) 1565 – Edward Fortunatus, German nobleman (died 1600) 1578 – John Prideaux, English administrator and bishop (died 1650)
1601–1900 1605 – Francesco Sacrati, Italian composer (died 1650) 1630 – Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma (died 1694) 1639 – Hans Herr, Swiss bishop (died 1725) 1688 – Maria Luisa of Savoy, queen consort of Spain (died 1714) 1730 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian-American general (died 1794) 1739 – John Rutledge, American judge and politician, 2nd Chief Justice of the United States (died 1800) 1743 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician and political scientist (died 1794) 1771 – Johann August Apel, German jurist and author (died 1816) 1773 – Jonathan Alder, American captain and farmer (died 1849) 1783 – Nadezhda Durova, Russian soldier (died 1866) 1787 – Teresa Casati, Italian noblewomen and revolutionary (died 1830) 1797 – Heinrich Kuhl, German naturalist and zoologist (died 1821) 1817 – Herman Adolfovich Trautscohold, German geologist and paleontologist (died 1902) 1819 – Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, South African general and politician, 1st President of the South African Republic (died 1901) 1820 – Émile Augier, French playwright (died 1889) 1820 – Earl Van Dorn, Confederate general (died 1863) 1821 – Arthur Saint-Léon, French choreographer (died 1870) 1825 – Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, American jurist and politician, 16th United States Secretary of the Interior (died 1893) 1826 – Bernhard Riemann, German-Italian mathematician and academic (died 1866) 1850 – Guerra Junqueiro, Portuguese journalist, lawyer, and politician (died 1923) 1853 – Frederick Corbett, British officer and Victoria Cross recipient (died 1912) 1854 – David Dunbar Buick, Scottish-American businessman, founded Buick Motor Company (died 1929) 1857 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian scientist and engineer (died 1935) 1859 – Frank Dawson Adams, Canadian geologist and academic (died 1942) 1859 – Billy the Kid, American gunman (died 1881) 1859 – I. L. Patterson, American politician, 18th Governor of Oregon (died 1929) 1860 – Mihkel Martna, Estonian journalist and politician (died 1934) 1864 – Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Ukrainian writer (died 1913) 1864 – James Tancred, English admiral (died 1943) 1865 – William Murray McPherson, Australian politician, 31st Premier of Victoria (died 1932) 1867 – Vera Yevstafievna Popova, Russian chemist (died 1896) 1868 – James Alexander Calder, Canadian educator and politician, Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence (died 1956) 1869 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian political scientist, historian, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1938) 1871 – Eivind Astrup, Norwegian explorer (died 1895) 1874 – Walter Murdoch, Australian author and academic (died 1970) 1878 – Vincenzo Tommasini, Italian composer (died 1950) 1879 – Rube Foster, American baseball player and manager (died 1930) 1879 – Periyar, Indian social activist and politician (died 1973) 1881 – Alfred Carpenter, English admiral, Victoria Cross recipient (died 1955) 1883 – William Carlos Williams, American poet, short story writer, and essayist (died 1963) 1884 – Charles Griffes, American pianist and composer (died 1920) 1886 – Anton Irv, Estonian captain (died 1919) 1897 – Earl Webb, American baseball player and coach (died 1965) 1900 – Hughie Critz, American baseball player (died 1980) 1900 – Lena Frances Edwards, African-American physician, awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom (died 1986) 1900 – J. Willard Marriott, American businessman, founded the Marriott Corporation (died 1985)