Tektites () are gravel-sized bodies composed of black, green, brown or grey natural glass formed from terrestrial debris ejected during meteorite impacts. The term was coined by Austrian geologist Franz Eduard Suess. They generally range in size from millimetres to centimetres. Millimetre-scale tektites are known as microtektites.French, B. M. (1998) Traces of Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures. LPI Contribution No. 954. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas. 120 pp.McCall, G. J. H. (2001) Tektites in the Geological Record: Showers of Glass from the Sky. The Geological Society Publishing House, Bath, United Kingdom. 256 pp. Montanari, A., and C. Koeberl (2000) Impact Stratigraphy. The Italian Record. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences Series no. 93. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. 364 pp.
Tektites are characterized by: a fairly homogeneous composition an extremely low content of water and other volatiles an abundance of lechatelierite a general lack of microscopic crystals known as microlites no chemical relationship to the local bedrock or local sediments distribution within geographically extensive strewn fields
Characteristics
Although tektites are superficially similar to some terrestrial volcanic glasses (obsidians), they have unusual distinctive physical characteristics that distinguish them from such glasses:
they are completely glassy and lack any microlites or phenocrysts, unlike terrestrial volcanic glasses. although high in silica (>65 wt%), the bulk chemical and isotopic composition of tektites is closer to those of shales and similar sedimentary rocks and quite different from the bulk chemical and isotopic composition of terrestrial volcanic glasses. they contain virtually no water (<0.02 wt%), unlike terrestrial volcanic glasses. the flow-banding often contains particles and bands of lechatelierite, which are not found in terrestrial volcanic glasses. a few tektites contain partly melted inclusions of shocked and unshocked mineral grains, i.e. quartz, apatite, and zircon, as well as coesite.
The difference in water content can be used to distinguish tektites from terrestrial volcanic glasses. When heated to their melting point, terrestrial volcanic glasses turn into a foamy glass because of their content of water and other volatiles. Unlike terrestrial volcanic glass, a tektite produces only a few bubbles at most when heated to its melting point, because of its much lower water and other volatiles content.O'Keefe, J. A., (1978) Tektites and Their Origin. Developments in petrology vol. 4. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, New York. 254 pp.
Classification
On the basis of morphology and physical characteristics, tektites have traditionally been divided into four groups: (1) splash-form (normal) tektites, (2) aerodynamically-shaped tektites, and (3) Muong Nong (layered) tektites., and (4) microtektites.
Splash-form and aerodynamically-shaped tektites are differentiated on the basis of their appearance and some of their physical characteristics. Splash-form tektites are centimeter-sized tektites that are shaped like spheres, ellipsoids, teardrops, dumbbells, and other forms characteristic of isolated molten bodies. They are regarded as having formed from the solidification of rotating liquids, and not atmospheric ablation. Aerodynamically-shaped tektites, which are mainly part of the Australasian strewnfield, are splash-form tektites (buttons) which display a secondary ring or flange. The secondary ring or flange is argued as having been produced during the high-speed re-entry and ablation of a solidified splash-form tektite into the atmosphere.
Muong Nong tektites are typically larger, greater than 10 cm in size and 24 kg in weight, irregular, and layered tektites. They have a chunky, blocky appearance, exhibit a layered structure with abundant vesicles, and contain mineral inclusions, such as zircon, baddeleyite, chromite, rutile, corundum, cristobalite, and coesite. Microtektites are less than 1 mm in size. They exhibit a variety of shapes ranging from spherical to dumbbell, disc, oval, and teardrop. Their colors range from colorless and transparent to yellowish and pale brown. They frequently contain bubbles and lechatelierite inclusions. Microtektites are typically found in deep-sea sediments that are of the same ages as those of the four known strewn fields. Microtektites of the Australasian strewnfield have also been found on land within Chinese loess deposits and in sediment-filled joints and decimeter-sized weathering pits developed within glacially-eroded granite outcrops of the Victoria Land Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica.Chunlai, L., O. Ziyuang, and L. Dongsheng (1993) Microtektites and glassy microspherules in loess: Their discoveries and implications. Science in China, Series B. 36(9):1141–1152.Folco, L., M. D’Orazio, M. Tiepolo, S. Tonarini, L. Ottolini, N. Perchiazzi, P. Rochette, and B.P. Glass (2009) Transantarctic Mountain microtektites: Geochemical affinity with Australasian microtektites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 73(12):3694–3722.
Occurrence
Most tektites have been found within four geographically extensive strewn fields: the Australasian, Central European, Ivory Coast, and North American.Barnes, V.E. (1963), "Tektite Strewn Fields", in O’Keefe, J., ed., Tektites; University of Chicago Press, p.25-50Ferrière, L., Distal Impactites As summarized by Koeberl,Koeberl , C. (1994) Tektite origin by hypervelocity asteroidal or cometary impact: Target rocks, source craters, and mechanisms. in B.O. Dressler, R.A.F.Grieve, and V.L. Sharpton, eds., pp. 133–152, Large meteorite impacts and planetary evolution. Special Paper no. 293. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. the tektites within each strewn field are related to each other with respect to the criteria of petrological, physical, and chemical properties, as well as their age. In addition, three of the four strewn fields have been clearly linked with impact craters using those same criteria. Recognized types of tektites, grouped according to their known strewn fields, their associated craters, and ages are: Australasian strewnfield Approximate age: 0.77–0.78 million years), no confirmed crater: Australites (Australia, dark, mostly black); Indochinites (South East Asia, dark, mostly black); Philippinites (Philippines, black). Central European strewnfield (Nördlinger Ries impact crater (24 km), Germany, age: 15 million years): Moldavites (Czech Republic, green). Ivory Coast strewnfield (Lake Bosumtwi impact crater (10 km), Ghana, age: 1 million years): Ivorites (Ivory Coast, black). North American tektite strewn field (Chesapeake Bay impact crater (40 km), United States – age: 34 million years): Bediasites (Texas – black to dark brown, some with metallic finish); Georgiaites (Georgia – green).
Comparing the number of known impact craters versus the number of known strewn fields, Natalia Artemieva considers essential factors such as the crater must exceed a certain diameter to produce distal ejecta and that the event must be relatively recent.Artemieva, Natalia, Tektite Origin in Oblique Impact: Numerical Modeling of the Initial Stage, in "Impacts in Precambrian Shields", edited by Jüri Plado, Lauri J. Pesonen, p. 272. Limiting to diameters 10 km or more and younger than 50 Ma, the study yielded a list of 13 candidate craters, of which the youngest eight are given below. NameLocationAge(million years)Diameter(km)Strewn field?Indochina?Jourdan, F., Nomade, S., Wingate, M.T., Eroglu, E. and Deino, A., 2019. Ultraprecise age and formation temperature of the Australasian tektites constrained by 40Ar/39Ar analyses. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 54(10), pp. 2573-2591.32–114?Glass B.P. and Pizzuto J.E. (1994) "Geographic variation in Australasian microtektite concentrations: Implications concerning the location and size of the source crater," J of Geophysical Research, vol 99, no E9, 19075-19081, Sept 1994.Australasian strewn fieldZhamanshinKazakhstan?BosumtwiGhanaIvory Coast strewn field ElgygytgynRussia, Siberia?KarakulTajikistan?KarlaRussia?RiesGermanyCentral European strewn field Chesapeake BayUSNorth American strewn fieldPopigaiRussia, Siberia?
Preliminary papers in the late 1970s suggest either ZhamanshinB.P. Glass (1979), Zhamanshin crater, a possible source of Australasian tektites? Geology, July 1979, v. 7, p. 351-353 or ElgygytgynR.S.Dietz (1977), Elgygytgyn Crater, Siberia: Probable Source Of Australasian Tektite Field Meteoritics, June 1977, Vol 12, Issue 2, p. 145–157 as the source of the Australasian strewnfield. Povenmire and others have proposed the existence of an additional tektite strewn field, the Central American strewn field. Evidence for this reported tektite strewn field consists of tektites recovered from western Belize in the area of the villages of Bullet Tree Falls, Santa Familia, and Billy White. This area lies about 55 km east-southeast of Tikal, where 13 tektites, two of which were dated as being 820,000 years old, of unknown origin were found. A limited amount of evidence is interpreted as indicating that the proposed Central American strewn field likely covers Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and possibly parts of southern Mexico. The hypothesized Pantasma Impact Crater in northern Nicaragua might be the source of these tektites.H. Povenmire, R. S. Harris, and J. H. Cornec (2011). The New Central American Tektite and Strewn Field. 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas. abstract no. 1224.H. Povenmire, B. Burrer, J. H. Cornec, and R. S. Harris (2012). The New Central American Tektite Strewn Field Update. 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas. abstract no. 1260.Senftle, F. E., A. N. Thorpe, J. R. Grant, A. Hildebrand, H. Moholy-Nagy, B. J. Evans, and L. May (2000) Magnetic measurements of glass from Tikal, Guatemala: Possible tektites. Journal of Geophysical Research. 105(B8):18921-18926.
Age
The ages of tektites from the four strewn fields have been determined using radiometric dating methods. The age of moldavites, a type of tektite found in the Czech Republic, was determined to be 14 million years, which agrees well with the age determined for the Nördlinger Ries crater (a few hundred kilometers away in Germany) by radiometric dating of Suevite (an impact breccia found at the crater). Similar agreements exist between tektites from the North American strewn field and the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and between tektites from the Ivory Coast strewn field and the Lake Bosumtwi Crater. Ages of tektites have usually been determined by either the K-Ar method, fission track dating, the Ar-Ar technique, or combination of these techniques. Tektites in geological and archaeological deposits have been used as age markers of stratified deposits, but this practice is controversial.
Origins Terrestrial source theory