In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a "Random Access File" having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost."Proposal – Random Access File," A. J. Critchlow, IBM Research and Development Laboratory, San Jose, California, February 6, 1953 After considering technologies such as wire matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays, etc., the engineers at IBM's San Jose California laboratory invented the hard disk drive. The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically drums and later core memory) but faster and more expensive than tape drives.The IBM 350 RAMAC Disk File, ASME Award, February 27, 1984.
The commercial usage of hard disk drives (HDD) began in 1957, with the shipment of a production IBM 305 RAMAC system including IBM Model 350 disk storage. US Patent 3,503,060 issued March 24, 1970, and arising from the IBM RAMAC program is generally considered to be the fundamental patent for disk drives.Disk Drive Patent
Each generation of disk drives replaced larger, more sensitive and more cumbersome devices. The earliest drives were usable only in the protected environment of a data center. Later generations progressively reached factories, offices and homes, eventually becoming ubiquitous.
Disk media diameter was initially 24 inches, but over time it has been reduced to today's 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch standard sizes. Drives with the larger 24-inch- and 14-inch-diameter media were typically mounted in standalone boxes (resembling washing machines) or large equipment rack enclosures. Individual drives often required high-current AC power due to the large motors required to spin the large disks. Drives with smaller media generally conformed to de facto standard form factors.
The capacity of hard drives has grown exponentially over time. When hard drives became available for personal computers, they offered 5-megabyte capacity. During the mid-1990s the typical hard disk drive for a PC had a capacity in the range of 500 megabyte to 1 gigabyte.1996 Disk Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, Figure 2 – Unit Shipment Summary hard disk drives up to 36 TB were available.
Unit production peaked in 2010 at about 650 million units, and has been in a slow decline since then.
1950s–1970s
The IBM 350 Disk File was developed under the code-name RAMAC by an IBM San Jose team led by Reynold Johnson. It was announced in 1956 with the then new IBM 305 RAMAC computer."New Product Announcement – IBM 305 RAMAC," IBM Announcement Letter 256-114, September 4, 1956 A variant, the IBM 355 Disk File, was simultaneously announced with the IBM RAM 650 computer,"New Product Announcement – RAM 650," IBM Announcement Letter 256-117, September 4, 1956 an enhancement to the IBM 650.
The IBM 350 drive had fifty platters, with a total capacity of five million 6-bit characters (3.75 megabytes). A single head assembly having two heads was used for access to all the platters, yielding an average access time of just under 1 second.
The RAMAC disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically core or drum) but faster and more expensive than tape drives. Subsequently, there was a period of about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in the secondary storage marketplace, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC FASTRAND, but all ultimately were displaced by HDDs.
The IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit, announced in 1961, introduced the usage of heads having self-acting air bearings (self-flying heads) with one head per each surface of the disks. It was followed in 1963 by the IBM 1302, with 4 times the capacity.
Also in 1961, Bryant Computer Products introduced its 4000 series disk drives. These massive units stood tall, long, and wide, and had up to 26 platters, each in diameter, rotating at up to 1,200 rpm. Access times were from 50 to 205 milliseconds (ms). The drive's total capacity, depending on the number of platters installed, was up to 205,377,600 bytes (205 MB).
The first disk drive to use removable media was the IBM 1311 drive. It was introduced in 1962 using the IBM 1316 disk pack to store two million characters. It was followed by the IBM 2311 (1964) using the IBM 1316 disk pack to store 5 megabyte, IBM 2314 (1965) using the IBM 2316 disk pack to store 29 megabytes, the IBM 3330 using 3336 disk packs to store 100 megabytes and the 3330-11 using the 3336–11 to store 200 megabytes.
Memorex shipped the first HDD, the Memorex 630, in 1968, plug compatible to an IBM model 2311 marking the beginning of independent competition (Plug Compatible Manufacturers or PCMs) for HDDs attached to IBM systems. It was followed in 1969 by the Memorex 660, an IBM 2314 compatible, which was OEM'ed to DEC and resold as the RP02.
In 1964, Burroughs introduced the B-475 disk drive, with a head per track, as part of the B5500.
In 1970, IBM introduced the 2305 disk drive, with a head per track. In June it introduce the 3330 Direct Access Storage Facility, code-named Merlin. Its removable disk packs could hold 100 MB. A major advance introduced with the 3330 was the use of error correction, which made this and most subsequent drives more reliable and less expensive because small imperfections in the disk surface can be tolerated.
In 1973, Control Data Corporation introduced the first of its series of SMD disk drives using conventional disk pack technology. The SMD family became the predominant disk drive in the minicomputer market into the 1980s.
Also in 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3340 "Winchester" disk drive and the 3348 data module, the first significant commercial use of low mass and low load heads with lubricated platters and the last IBM disk drive with removable media. This technology and its derivatives remained the standard through 2011. Project head Kenneth Haughton named it after the Winchester 30-30 rifle because it was planned to have two 30 MB spindles; however, the actual product shipped with two spindles for data modules of either 35 MB or 70 MB. The name 'Winchester' and some derivatives are still common in some non-English speaking countries to generally refer to any hard disks (e.g. Hungary, Russia).
In 1975, the "Swinging arm" actuator was introduced by both IBM and StorageTek. The simple design of the IBM 62GV (Gulliver) drive,{"Design of a Swinging Arm Actuator for a disk file" J. S. HEATH IBM J. RES. DEVELOP. July 1976} invented at IBM's UK Hursley Labs, became IBM's most licensed electro-mechanical invention.{US 3,849,800 Magnetic disk apparatus. Cuzner, Dodman, Heath, & Rigbey} The swing arm was adopted in the 1980s for all HDDs and is still used nearly 50 years and 10 billion arms later.
Smaller diameter media came into usage during the 1970s and by the end of the decade standard form factors had been established for drives using nominally 8-inch media (e.g., Shugart SA1000) and nominally 5.25-inch media (e.g., Seagate ST-506).
During the 1970s, captive production, dominated by IBM's production for its own use, remained the largest revenue channel for HDDs, though the relative importance of the OEM channel grew. Led by Control Data, Diablo Systems, CalComp and Memorex, the OEM segment reached $631 million in 1979, but still well below the $2.8 billion associated with captive production.Storage Industry Dynamics And Strategy
1980s, the transition to the PC era The 1980s saw the minicomputer age plateau as PCs were introduced. Manufacturers such as IBM, DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued to manufacture 14-inch hard drive systems as industry demanded higher storage; one such drive is the 1980 2.52 GB IBM 3380. But it was clear that smaller Winchester storage systems were eclipsing large platter hard drives.
In the 1980s 8-inch drives used with some mid-range systems increased from a low of about 30 MB in 1980 to a top-of-the-line 3 GB in 1989.Source: Disk/Trend Report, Rigid Disk Drive for 1981 and 1990
Hard disk drives for personal computers (PCs) were initially a rare and very expensive optional feature; systems typically had only the less expensive floppy disk drives or even cassette tape drives as both secondary storage and transport media. However, by the late 1980s, hard disk drives were standard on all but the cheapest PC and floppy disks were used almost solely as transport media.
Most hard disk drives in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users by systems integrators such as the Corvus Disk System or the systems manufacturer such as the Apple ProFile. The IBM PC XT in 1983, included an internal standard 10 MB hard disk drive and IBM's version of Xebec's hard disk drive controller, and soon thereafter internal hard disk drives proliferated on personal computers, one popular type was the ST-506/ST-412 hard drive and MFM interface.
HDDs continued to get smaller with the introduction of the 3.5-inch form factor by Rodime in 1983 and the 2.5-inch form factor by PrairieTek in 1988.
Industry participation peaked with about 75 active manufacturers in 1985 and then declined thereafter even though volume continued to climb: by 1989 reaching 22 million units and US$23 billion in revenue.Disk/Trend Report - Rigid Disk Drives, October 1989
1990s Even though there were a number of new entrants, industry participants continued to decline in total to 15 in 1999. Unit volume and industry revenue monotonically increased during the 1990s to 174 million units and $26 billion.Gartner/Dataquest, Market Share and Forecast: Hard Disk Drives, Worldwide, 2001-2010, Chapter 2, (c) 2006
In the mid-90s, PC Card Type II hard disk drive cards became available. These cards were the first to be 5 mm thick as it is the thickness of a Type II PC Card.
The industry production consolidated around the 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch form factors; the larger form factors dying off while several smaller form factors were offered but achieved limited success, e.g. HP 1.3-inch Kittyhawk, IBM 1-inch Microdrive, etc.
2001 to present
In 2001, the HDD industry experienced its first ever decline in units and revenue.
The number of industry participants decreased to six in 2009 and to three in 2013. (See for more details)
In 2009 – Fujitsu exits by selling HDD business to Toshiba
In 2011 – Floods hit many hard drive factories. Predictions of a worldwide shortage of hard disk drives cause prices to double.
In 2012, Western Digital announced the first 2.5-inch, 5 mm thick drive, and the first 2.5-inch, 7 mm thick drive with two platters
Unit production peaked in 2010 at about 650 million units. Unit shipment has been in a slow decline since then, shipping about 276 million units in 2018 with a somewhat slower decline projected thereafter.
As of 2020, SSDs have become cheap enough to compete with HDD's at the capacities used by most consumers.
, the largest hard drive is 44 TB (while SSDs can be much bigger at 100 TB, mainstream consumer SSDs cap at 8 TB). Smaller, 2.5-inch drives, are available at up to 2 TB for laptops, and 6 TB as external drives.
Timeline 1956 – IBM 350A, shipment of prototype disk drive to Zellerbach, SF CA, USA 1957 – IBM 350, first production disk drive, 5 million characters (6-bit), equivalent to 3.75 megabytes. 1961 – IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit introduced with one head per surface and aerodynamic flying heads, 28 million characters (6-bit) per module. 1961 – Bryant 4000 (Bryant Computer Products division of Ex-Cell-O) up to 205 MB on up to 26 29-inch diameter platters. 1962 – IBM 1311 introduced removable disk packs containing 6 disks, storing 2 million characters per pack 1964 – IBM 2311 with 7.25 megabytes per disk pack 1964 – IBM 2310 removable cartridge disk drive with 1.02 MB on one disk