Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon and earned her enduring popularity.
Diana was born into the British nobility and grew up close to the royal family, living at Park House on their Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she became engaged to Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in July 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, William in 1982 and Harry in 1984, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital difficulties were widely publicised, and the couple divorced in 1996.
As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her beauty, style, charm, and later, her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages were initially centred on children and the elderly, but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns: one involved the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the other for the international removal of landmines, promoted through the International Red Cross. She also raised awareness and advocated for ways to help people affected by cancer and mental illness. Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the public collapse of her marriage. Considered photogenic, she was regarded as a fashion icon.
In August 1997, Diana died after a car crash in Paris; the incident led to extensive public mourning and global media attention. An inquest returned a verdict of unlawful killing due to gross negligence by a driver and the paparazzi pursuing her as found in Operation Paget, an investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Her legacy has had a significant impact on the royal family and British society.
Early life Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk, the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (1924–1992), and Frances Spencer, Viscountess Althorp (née Roche; 1936–2004). The Spencer family had been closely connected with the British royal family for several generations; her grandmothers, Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer, and Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy, had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. Diana's father was an equerry to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. The royal family attended the wedding of her parents at Westminster Abbey. Her parents were hoping for a boy to carry on the family line, and no name was chosen for a week until they settled on Diana Frances, after her mother and Lady Diana Spencer, a many-times-great-aunt who had been a prospective Princess of Wales as a potential bride for Frederick, Prince of Wales. Within the family, she was also known informally as "Duch", a reference to her duchess-like attitude in childhood.
Diana was baptised on 30 August at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham. She had three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and Charles. Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born. The desire for an heir added strain to her parents' marriage, and her mother was sent to Harley Street clinics in London to determine the cause of the "problem". The experience was described as "humiliating" by Diana's younger brother, Charles: "It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it." Diana grew up at Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate. The family leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II, whom Diana called "Aunt Lilibet" from childhood. The royal family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with Princes Andrew and Edward.
Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced. Her mother later began a relationship with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969. Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents' separation in 1967, but during that year's Christmas holidays, her father refused to let her return to London with her mother. Shortly afterwards, he won custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Lady Fermoy. In 1976, her father married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth. She later revealed she had slapped her father across the face because she was outraged that he secretly married Raine without telling his children beforehand. Diana's relationship with her stepmother was particularly bad. She resented Raine, whom she called a "bully". On one occasion in 1989 Diana pushed her down the stairs in a fit of anger. She later described her childhood as "very unhappy" and "very unstable, the whole thing". She became known as Lady Diana after her father later inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975, at which point the family moved from Park House to Althorp, the Spencer seat in Northamptonshire. In 1978, her sister Jane married Robert Fellowes, who was private secretary to Queen Elizabeth II between 1986 and 1999.
Education and career Diana was initially home-schooled under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen. She began her formal education at Silfield Private School in King's Lynn, Norfolk, and later attended Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Thetford, from the age of nine. In 1973, she joined her sisters at West Heath Girls' School in Sevenoaks, Kent. She did not perform well academically, failing her O-levels twice, but her community spirit was recognised with a school award. She left the school at 16. Her brother Charles recalled her as being quite shy up until that time, though she demonstrated musical ability as a skilled pianist, excelled in swimming and diving, and studied ballet and tap dance.
In the mid-1970s, Diana undertook voluntary work at the psychiatric Darenth Park Hospital near Dartford, Kent. In 1978, she spent three months working as a nanny for Philippa and Jeremy Whitaker in Hampshire. After attending Institut Alpin Videmanette, a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland, for one term and leaving after the Easter term of 1978, she returned to London, where she shared her mother's flat with two school friends. In London, she took an advanced cooking course and worked at a series of low-paying jobs; she worked as a dance instructor for youth until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work. She then found employment as a playgroup pre-school assistant, did cleaning work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends, and acted as a hostess at parties. She spent time working as a nanny for the Robertsons, an American family living in London, and worked as a nursery teacher's assistant at the Young England School in Pimlico. In July 1979, her mother bought her a flat at Coleherne Court in Earl's Court as an 18th birthday present. She lived there with three flatmates until 25 February 1981.
Personal life Diana first met Charles, Prince of Wales, the Queen's eldest son and heir apparent, in November 1977 when she was 16. He was then 29 and dating her older sister, Sarah. Charles and Diana were guests at a country weekend during the summer of 1980, and he took a serious interest in her as a potential bride. The relationship progressed when he invited her aboard the royal yacht Britannia for a sailing weekend to Cowes, followed by an invitation to Balmoral Castle, the royal family's Scottish residence, to meet his family. She was well received by the Queen, the Queen Mother and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Charles subsequently courted Diana in London. He proposed on 6 February 1981 at Windsor Castle, and she accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for two and a half weeks. Diana later confirmed she had met Charles just 13 times before their engagement.
Engagement and wedding
Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981. Diana selected her own engagement ring. Following the engagement, she left her occupation as a nursery teacher's assistant and temporarily lived at the Queen Mother's residence, Clarence House. She subsequently resided at Buckingham Palace until the wedding, where, according to the biographer Ingrid Seward, her life was "incredibly lonely". Diana was the first Englishwoman to marry the first in line to the throne since Anne Hyde married James, Duke of York and Albany (later James VII and II), over 300 years earlier, and she was also the first royal bride to have a paying job before her engagement. Diana's first public appearance with Charles was at a charity ball held at Goldsmiths' Hall in March 1981, where she was introduced to Princess Grace of Monaco.
Diana became Princess of Wales at age 20 when she married Charles, then 32, on 29 July 1981. The wedding was held at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, a church generally used for royal weddings. The service was widely described as a "fairytale wedding" and was watched by a global television audience of 750million people, while 600,000 spectators lined the streets. At the altar, Diana inadvertently reversed the order of his first two names, saying "Philip Charles" Arthur George instead. She also did not say she would "obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's request, which caused comment at the time. Diana wore a dress valued at £9,000 () with a 25-foot (7.62-metre) train. Within a few years of the wedding, the Queen extended Diana visible tokens of membership in the royal family, lending her the Queen Mary's Lover's Knot Tiara and granting her the badge of the Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II.
Children
The couple had residences at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, Diana's pregnancy was announced. In January 1982, twelve weeks into the pregnancy, Diana fell down a staircase at Sandringham, suffering bruising, and the royal gynaecologist George Pinker was summoned from London; the foetus was uninjured. Diana later confessed that she had intentionally thrown herself down the stairs because she was feeling "so inadequate". On 21 June 1982, she gave birth to the couple's first son, Prince William. She subsequently suffered from postpartum depression after her first pregnancy. Amid some media criticism, she decided to take Williamstill a babyon her first major tours of Australia and New Zealand, and the decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, she had not initially intended to take William until Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser made the suggestion.
A second son, Prince Harry, was born on 15 September 1984. Diana said she and Charles were closest during her pregnancy with Harry. She was aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including Charles, who hoped for a girl.