Events Pre-1600 768 – Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned kings of the Franks. 1238 – James I of Aragon founds the Kingdom of Valencia. 1410 – The first known mention of the Prague astronomical clock. 1594 – Pressed by a food embargo, the five Catholic cantons of Central Switzerland declare war on the Protestant canton of Zurich, starting the Second War of Kappel. 1594 – Troops of the Portuguese Empire are defeated on Sri Lanka, bringing an end to the Campaign of Danture.
1601–1900 1604 – Kepler's Supernova is the most recent supernova to be observed within the Milky Way. 1635 – Roger Williams is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony after religious and policy disagreements. 1683 – Allied Imperial and Polish-Lithuanian forces defeat the retreating Ottoman forces in the battle of Parkany. 1701 – The Collegiate School of Connecticut (later renamed Yale University) is chartered in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. 1708 – Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya. 1740 – Dutch colonists and Javanese natives begin a massacre of the ethnic Chinese population in Batavia, eventually killing at least 10,000. 1760 – Seven Years' War: Russian and Austrian troops briefly occupy Berlin. 1779 – American Revolutionary War: A combined Franco-American assault on British defenses during the Siege of Savannah is repulsed with heavy casualties. 1790 – A severe earthquake in northern Algeria causes severe damage and a tsunami in the Mediterranean Sea and kills three thousand. 1799 – sinks with the loss of 240 men and a cargo worth £1,200,000. 1804 – Hobart, capital of Tasmania, is founded. 1806 – Prussia begins the War of the Fourth Coalition against France. 1812 – War of 1812: In a naval engagement on Lake Erie, American forces capture two British ships: and . 1820 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain. 1825 – Restauration arrives in New York Harbor from Norway, the first organized immigration from Norway to the United States. 1831 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, the first head of state of independent Greece, is assassinated. 1834 – Opening of the Dublin and Kingstown Railway, the first public railway on the island of Ireland. 1847 – Slavery is abolished in the Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy. 1861 – American Civil War: Union troops repel a Confederate attempt to capture Fort Pickens in the Battle of Santa Rosa Island. 1864 – American Civil War: Union cavalrymen defeat Confederate forces at Toms Brook, Virginia during Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign. 1873 – A meeting at the U.S. Naval Academy establishes the U.S. Naval Institute. 1874 – The Universal Postal Union is created by the Treaty of Bern. 1900 – The Cook Islands become a territory of the United Kingdom.
1901–present 1911 – An accidental bomb explosion triggers the Wuchang Uprising against the Qing dynasty, beginning the Xinhai Revolution. 1913 – The steamship catches fire in the mid-Atlantic. 1914 – World War I: The Siege of Antwerp comes to an end. 1918 – The Finnish Parliament elects Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as King of Finland, but he never accedes to the throne due to Germany's defeat in World War I. 1919 – The Cincinnati Reds win the World Series, resulting in the Black Sox Scandal. 1934 – An Ustashe assassin kills King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and Louis Barthou, Foreign Minister of France, in Marseille. 1936 – Boulder Dam (later Hoover Dam) begins to generate electricity and transmit it to Los Angeles. 1937 – Murder of 9 Catholic priests in Zhengding, China, who protected the local population from the advancing Japanese army. 1941 – A coup in Panama declares Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango the new president. 1942 – Australia's Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 receives royal assent. 1950 – The Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre in Korea begins. 1962 – Uganda becomes an independent Commonwealth realm. 1963 – In Italy, a large landslide causes a giant wave to overtop the Vajont Dam, killing over 2,000. 1966 – Vietnam War: the Republic of Korea Army commits the Binh Tai Massacre. 1967 – A day after his capture, Ernesto "Che" Guevara is executed for attempting to incite a revolution in Bolivia. 1969 – In Chicago, the National Guard is called in as demonstrations continue over the trial of the "Chicago Eight". 1970 – The Khmer Republic is proclaimed in Cambodia. 1980 – Pope John Paul II greets the Dalai Lama during a private audience in Vatican City. 1981 – President François Mitterrand abolishes capital punishment in France. 1983 – South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan survives an assassination attempt in Rangoon, Burma, but the blast kills 21 and injures 17 others. 1984 – The popular children's television show Thomas The Tank Engine & Friends, based on The Railway Series by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry, premieres on ITV. 1986 – The Phantom of the Opera, eventually the second longest running musical in London, opens at Her Majesty's Theatre. 1986 – Fox Broadcasting Company (FBC) launches as the fourth US television network. 1992 – The Peekskill meteorite, a meteorite crashed into a parked car in Peekskill, New York 1995 – An Amtrak Sunset Limited train is derailed by saboteurs near Palo Verde, Arizona. 2006 – North Korea conducts its first nuclear test. 2007 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its all-time high of 14,164 points before rapidly declining due to the 2008 financial crisis. 2009 – First lunar impact of NASA's Lunar Precursor Robotic Program. 2012 – Pakistani Taliban attempt to assassinate outspoken schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai. 2016 – The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army launches its first attack on Myanmar security forces along the Bangladesh–Myanmar border. 2019 – Turkey begins its military offensive in north-eastern Syria. 2024 – Hurricane Milton makes landfall in Siesta Key, Florida, as a Category 3 hurricane, causing US$34.3 billion in damage only two weeks after Hurricane Helene impacted the state.
Births Pre-1600 1201 – Robert de Sorbon, French minister and theologian, founded the Collège de Sorbonne (died 1274) 1221 – Salimbene di Adam, Italian historian and scholar (died 1290) 1261 – Denis of Portugal (died 1325) 1328 – Peter I of Cyprus (died 1369) 1581 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician, poet, and scholar (died 1638) 1586 – Leopold V, Archduke of Austria (died 1632) 1593 – Nicolaes Tulp, Dutch anatomist and politician (died 1674)
1601–1900 1609 – Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland, English noble (died 1688) 1623 – Ferdinand Verbiest, Flemish Jesuit missionary in China (died 1688) 1704 – Johann Andreas Segner, German mathematician, physicist, and physician (died 1777) 1757 – Charles X of France (died 1836) 1796 – Joseph Bonomi the Younger, British Egyptologist and sculptor (died 1878) 1823 – Mary Ann Shadd, American-Canadian abolitionist (died 1893) 1826 – Agathon Meurman, Finnish politician and journalist (died 1909)Agathon Meurman – Agathon Meurmanin sukuseura (in Finnish) 1835 – Camille Saint-Saëns, French composer and conductor (died 1921) 1837 – Francis Wayland Parker, American theorist and academic (died 1902) 1840 – Simeon Solomon, English painter (died 1905) 1845 – Carl Gustav Thulin, Swedish shipowner (died 1918) 1850 – Hermann von Ihering, German-Brazilian zoologist (died 1930) 1852 – Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1919) 1858 – Mihajlo Pupin, Serbian-American physicist and chemist (died 1935) 1859 – Alfred Dreyfus, French colonel (died 1935) 1863 – Edward Bok, Dutch-American journalist and author (died 1930) 1864 – Reginald Dyer, British brigadier general (died 1927) 1871 – Georges Gauthier, Canadian archbishop (died 1940) 1873 – Carl Flesch, Hungarian violinist and educator (died 1944) 1873 – Karl Schwarzschild, German physicist and astronomer (died 1916) 1873 – Charles Rudolph Walgreen, American pharmacist and businessman, founded Walgreens (died 1939) 1874 – Nicholas Roerich, Russian archaeologist and painter (died 1947) 1877 – Gopabandhu Das, Indian journalist, poet, and activist (died 1928) 1879 – Max von Laue, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1960) 1880 – Charlie Faust, American baseball player (died 1915) 1883 – Maria Filotti, Greek-Romanian actress (died 1956) 1886 – Rube Marquard, American baseball player and manager (died 1980) 1888 – Nikolai Bukharin, Russian journalist and politician (died 1938) 1888 – Irving Cummings, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1959) 1890 – Aimee Semple McPherson, Canadian-American evangelist, founded the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (died 1944) 1892 – Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet, and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1975) 1893 – Mário de Andrade, Brazilian author, poet, and photographer (died 1945) 1895 – Eugene Bullard, American pilot (died 1961) 1897 – M. Bhaktavatsalam, Indian lawyer and politician, 6th Chief Minister of Madras State (died 1987) 1898 – Tawfiq al-Hakim, Egyptian author and playwright (died 1987) 1898 – Joe Sewell, American baseball player (died 1990) 1899 – Bruce Catton, American historian and author (died 1978) 1900 – Joseph Friedman, American inventor (died 1982) 1900 – Alastair Sim, Scottish-English actor and academic (died 1976) 1900 – Joseph Zubin, Lithuanian-American psychologist and academic (died 1990)
1901–present 1901 – Alice Lee Jemison, Seneca political activist and journalist (died 1964) 1902 – Freddie Young, English cinematographer (died 1998) 1903 – Walter O'Malley, American lawyer and businessman (died 1979) 1906 – J. R. Eyerman, American photographer and journalist (died 1985) 1906 – Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegalese poet and politician, 1st President of Senegal (died 2001) 1907 – Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, English academic and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (died 2001) 1907 – Jacques Tati, French actor, director, and screenwriter (died 1982) 1907 – Horst Wessel, German SA officer (died 1930) 1908 – Harry Hooton, Australian poet and critic (died 1961) 1908 – Werner von Haeften, German lieutenant (died 1944) 1909 – Donald Coggan, English archbishop (died 2000) 1911 – Joe Rosenthal, American photographer (died 2006) 1914 – Edward Andrews, American actor (died 1985) 1915 – Clifford M. Hardin, American academic and politician, 17th United States Secretary of Agriculture (died 2010) 1915 – Belva Plain, American author (died 2010) 1918 – E. Howard Hunt, American CIA officer and author (died 2007) 1918 – Charles Read, Australian air marshal (died 2014) 1918 – Bebo Valdés, Cuban-Swedish pianist, composer, and bandleader (died 2013) 1920 – Jens Bjørneboe, Norwegian author and educator (died 1976) 1920 – Yusef Lateef, American saxophonist, composer, and educator (died 2013) 1920 – Jason Wingreen, American actor and screenwriter (died 2015) 1921 – Michel Boisrond, French director and screenwriter (died 2002) 1921 – Tadeusz Różewicz, Polish poet and playwright (died 2014) 1922 – Léon Dion, Canadian political scientist and academic (died 1997) 1922 – Fyvush Finkel, American actor (died 2016) 1922 – Olga Guillot, Cuban-American singer (died 2010) 1923 – Donald Sinden, English actor (died 2014) 1924 – Immanuvel Devendrar, Indian soldier (died 1957) 1924 – Arnie Risen, American basketball player (died 2012) 1926 – Danièle Delorme, French actress and producer (died 2015) 1927 – John Margetson, English scholar and diplomat, British Ambassador to the Netherlands (died 2020) 1928 – Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish composer and educator (died 2016) 1931 – Tony Booth, English actor (died 2017) 1933 – Peter Mansfield, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2017) 1933 – Melvin Sokolsky, American fashion photographer (died 2022) 1933 – Bill Tidy, English soldier and cartoonist (died 2023)Legendary British cartoonist Bill Tidy passes away aged 89 1934 – Jill Ker Conway, Australian historian and author (died 2018)