Events Pre-1600 960 – Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla. 1278 – Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dynasty, decides to pass the throne to his crown prince Trần Khâm and take up the post of Retired Emperor. 1291 – The Republic of Venice enacts a law confining most of Venice's glassmaking industry to the "island of Murano". 1519 – Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with a great celebration. 1520 – After being crowned king of Sweden, Christian II gave the order to execute nearly 100 people, mostly noblemen, despite promises of general amnesty. 1576 – Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent: The States General of the Netherlands meet and unite to oppose Spanish occupation.
1601–1900 1602 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public. 1605 – Robert Catesby, ringleader of the Gunpowder Plotters, is killed. 1614 – Japanese daimyō Dom Justo Takayama is exiled to the Philippines by shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu for being Christian. 1620 – The Battle of White Mountain takes place near Prague, ending in a decisive Catholic victory in only two hours. 1644 – The Shunzhi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China. 1745 – Charles Edward Stuart invades England with an army of approximately 5,000 that would later participate in the Battle of Culloden. 1837 – Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which later becomes Mount Holyoke College. 1861 – American Civil War: The "Trent Affair": The stops the British mail ship Trent and arrests two Confederate envoys, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US. 1889 – Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state. 1892 – The New Orleans general strike begins, uniting black and white American trade unionists in a successful four-day general strike action for the first time. 1892 – The Carmaux-Bons Enfants bombing marks the start of Émile Henry's attacks into the Ère des attentats (1892–1894). 1895 – While experimenting with electricity, Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray.
1901–present 1901 – Gospel riots: Bloody clashes take place in Athens following the translation of the Gospels into demotic Greek. 1917 – The first Council of People's Commissars is formed, including Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. 1919 – Eichenfeld massacre: Members of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine murder 136 Mennonite colonists at Jaskyowo, initiating a series of massacres that resulted in the deaths of 827 Ukrainian Mennonites. 1920 – Rupert Bear, illustrated by Mary Tourtel makes his first appearance in print. 1923 – Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government. 1932 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected as the 32nd President of the United States, defeating incumbent president Herbert Hoover. 1933 – Great Depression: New Deal: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than four million unemployed. 1936 – Spanish Civil War: Francoist troops fail in their effort to capture Madrid, but begin the three-year Siege of Madrid afterwards. 1937 – The Nazi exhibition Der ewige Jude ("The Eternal Jew") opens in Munich. 1939 – Venlo Incident: Two British agents of SIS are captured by the Germans. 1939 – In Munich, Adolf Hitler narrowly escapes the assassination attempt of Georg Elser while celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch. 1940 – Greco-Italian War: The Italian invasion of Greece fails as outnumbered Greek units repulse the Italians in the Battle of Elaia–Kalamas. 1942 – World War II: French Resistance coup in Algiers, in which 400 civilian French patriots neutralize Vichyist XIXth Army Corps after 15 hours of fighting, and arrest several Vichyist generals, allowing the immediate success of Operation Torch in Algiers. 1950 – Korean War: United States Air Force Lt. Russell J. Brown, while piloting an F-80 Shooting Star, shoots down two North Korean MiG-15s in the first jet aircraft-to-jet aircraft dogfight in history. 1957 – Pan Am Flight 7 disappears between San Francisco and Honolulu. Wreckage and bodies are discovered a week later. 1957 – Operation Grapple X, Round C1: The United Kingdom conducts its first successful hydrogen bomb test over Kiritimati in the Pacific. 1960 – John F. Kennedy is elected as the 35th President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, who would later be elected president in 1968 and 1972. 1963 – Finnair's Aero Flight 217 crashes near Mariehamn Airport in Jomala, Åland, killing 22 people. 1965 – The British Indian Ocean Territory is created, consisting of Chagos Archipelago, Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches islands. 1965 – The Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 is given Royal Assent, formally abolishing the death penalty in the United Kingdom for almost all crimes. 1965 – The 173rd Airborne is ambushed by over 1,200 Viet Cong in Operation Hump during the Vietnam War, while the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment fight one of the first set-piece engagements of the war between Australian forces and the Viet Cong at the Battle of Gang Toi. 1965 – American Airlines Flight 383 crashes in Constance, Kentucky, killing 58. 1966 – Former Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke becomes the first African American elected to the United States Senate since Reconstruction. 1966 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs into law an antitrust exemption allowing the National Football League to merge with the upstart American Football League. 1968 – The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic is signed to facilitate international road traffic and to increase road safety by standardising the uniform traffic rules among the signatories. 1972 – American pay television network Home Box Office (HBO) launches. 1973 – The right ear of John Paul Getty III is delivered to a newspaper outlet along with a ransom note, convincing his father to pay US$2.9 million. 1977 – Manolis Andronikos, a Greek archaeologist and professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, discovers the tomb of Philip II of Macedon at Vergina. 1981 – Aeroméxico Flight 110 crashes near Zihuatanejo, Mexico, killing all 18 people on board. 1983 – TAAG Angola Airlines Flight 462 crashes after takeoff from Lubango Airport killing all 130 people on board. UNITA claims to have shot down the aircraft, though this is disputed. 1987 – Remembrance Day bombing: A Provisional IRA bomb explodes in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland during a ceremony honouring those who had died in wars involving British forces. Twelve people are killed and sixty-three wounded. 1988 – U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush is elected as the 41st president. 1994 – Republican Revolution: On the night of the 1994 United States midterm elections, Republicans make historic electoral gains by securing massive majorities in both houses of Congress (54 seats in the House and eight seats in the Senate, additionally), thus bringing to a close four decades of Democratic domination. 1997 – Eritrea adopts the nakfa as its official currency. 1999 – Bruce Miller is killed at his junkyard near Flint, Michigan. His wife Sharee Miller, who convinced her online lover Jerry Cassaday to kill him (before later killing himself) was convicted of the crime, in what became the world's first Internet murder. 2002 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN Security Council Resolution 1441: The United Nations Security Council unanimously approves a resolution on Iraq, forcing Saddam Hussein to disarm or face "serious consequences". 2004 – Iraq War: More than 10,000 U.S. troops and a small number of Iraqi army units participate in a siege on the insurgent stronghold of Fallujah. 2006 – Israeli-Palestinian conflict: The Israeli Defense Force kill 19 Palestinian civilians in their homes during the shelling of Beit Hanoun. 2011 – The potentially hazardous asteroid 2005 YU55 passes 0.85 lunar distances from Earth (about ), the closest known approach by an asteroid of its brightness since in 1976. 2013 – Typhoon Haiyan, one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded, strikes the Visayas region of the Philippines; the storm left at least 6,340 people dead with over 1,000 still missing, and caused $2.86 billion (2013 USD; equivalent to $ in ) in damage. 2016 – Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi publicly announces the withdrawal of ₹500 and ₹1000 denomination banknotes. 2016 – Donald Trump is elected the 45th President of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton, the first woman ever to receive a major party's nomination. 2017 – The Louvre Abu Dhabi was inaugurated by the French president Emmanuel Macron and then-crown prince of Abu Dhabi Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. 2020 – Myanmar holds the 2020 general election, re-electing a government led by the National League for Democracy, which is deposed by the Burmese military the following February during the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.
Births Pre-1600 AD 30 – Nerva, Roman emperor (died 98) 1407 – Alain de Coëtivy, French cardinal (died 1474) 1417 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1458–1480) (died 1480) 1456 – Queen Gonghye, Korean royal consort (died 1474) 1491 – Teofilo Folengo, Italian monk and poet (died 1544) 1543 – Lettice Knollys, English noblewoman (died 1634) 1555 – Nyaungyan Min, King of Burma (died 1605) 1563 – Henry II of Lorraine (died 1624) 1572 – John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (died 1619)
1601–1900 1622 – Charles X Gustav, King of Sweden (died 1660) 1656 – Edmond Halley, English astronomer and mathematician (died 1742) 1706 – Johann Ulrich von Cramer, German philosopher and judge (died 1772) 1710 – Sarah Fielding, English author (died 1768) 1715 – Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (died 1797) 1723 – John Byron, English admiral and politician, 24th Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (died 1786) 1725 – Johann George Tromlitz, German flute player and composer (died 1805) 1738 – Barbara Catharina Mjödh, Finnish poet (died 1776) 1739 – Henrik Gabriel Porthan, Finnish professor and historian (died 1804) 1763 – Otto Wilhelm Masing, German-Estonian linguist and author (died 1832) 1768 – Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom (died 1840) 1772 – William Wirt, American lawyer and politician, 9th United States Attorney General (died 1834) 1788 – Mihály Bertalanits, Slovene poet and educator (died 1853) 1831 – Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, English poet and diplomat, 30th Governor-General of India (died 1880) 1836 – Milton Bradley, American businessman, founded the Milton Bradley Company (died 1911) 1837 – Ilia Chavchavadze, Georgian journalist, lawyer, and politician (died 1907) 1847 – Jean Casimir-Perier, French politician, 6th President of France (died 1907) 1847 – Bram Stoker, Irish novelist and critic, created Count Dracula (died 1912) 1848 – Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and philosopher (died 1925) 1854 – Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist and academic (died 1919) 1855 – Nikolaos Triantafyllakos, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (died 1939) 1866 – Herbert Austin, 1st Baron Austin, English businessman, founded the Austin Motor Company (died 1941) 1868 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician and academic (died 1942) 1878 – Dorothea Bate, English palaeontologist and archaeozoologist (died 1951) 1881 – Clarence Gagnon, Canadian painter and illustrator (died 1942) 1883 – Arnold Bax, English composer and poet (died 1953) 1883 – Charles Demuth, American painter (died 1935) 1884 – Hermann Rorschach, Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (died 1922) 1885 – George Bouzianis, Greek painter (died 1959) 1885 – Hans Cloos, German geologist and academic (died 1951)