Events Pre-1600 498 – After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore. 845 – The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Frankish king Charles the Bald at the Battle of Ballon near Redon. 1210 – The Castle of Termes falls to Simon de Montfort after a four-month siege during the Albigensian Crusade. 1220 – Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Honorius III. 1307 – Pope Clement V issues the papal bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets. 1574 – Spanish navigator Juan Fernández discovers islands now known as the Juan Fernández Islands off Chile.
1601–1900 1635 – Dutch colonial forces on Taiwan launch a pacification campaign against native villages, resulting in Dutch control of the middle and south of the island. 1718 – Royal Navy Lieutenant Robert Maynard attacks and boards the vessels of the British pirate Edward Teach (best known as "Blackbeard") off the coast of North Carolina. The casualties on both sides include Maynard's first officer Mister Hyde and Teach himself. 1837 – Canadian journalist and politician William Lyon Mackenzie calls for a rebellion against the United Kingdom in his essay "To the People of Upper Canada", published in his newspaper The Constitution. 1855 – In Birmingham, England, Albert, Prince Consort lays the foundation stone of the Birmingham and Midland Institute. 1869 – In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper Cutty Sark is launched. 1873 – The French steamer SS Ville du Havre sinks in 12 minutes after colliding with the Scottish iron clipper Loch Earn in the Atlantic, with a loss of 226 lives.
1901–present 1908 – The Congress of Manastir establishes the Albanian alphabet. 1921 – During The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922), 15 Irish Nationalists are killed in Belfast in one day.Moore, Cormac, (2019), Birth of the Border, Merrion Press, Newbridge, p. 49, 1935 – The China Clipper inaugurates the first commercial transpacific air service, connecting Alameda, California with Manila. 1940 – World War II: Following the initial Italian invasion, Greek troops counterattack into Italian-occupied Albania and capture Korytsa. 1942 – World War II: Battle of Stalingrad: General Friedrich Paulus sends Adolf Hitler a telegram saying that the German 6th Army is surrounded. 1943 – World War II: Cairo Conference: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chinese Premier Chiang Kai-shek meet in Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan. 1943 – Lebanon gains independence from France, nearly two years after it was first announced by the Free French government. 1952 – A Douglas C-124 Globemaster II crashes into Mount Gannet, Alaska, killing all 52 aboard. 1955 – The Soviet Union launches RDS-37, a 1.6 megaton two stage hydrogen bomb designed by Andrei Sakharov. The bomb was dropped over Semipalatinsk. 1963 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy is assassinated and Texas Governor John Connally is seriously wounded by Lee Harvey Oswald, who also kills Dallas Police officer J. D. Tippit after fleeing the scene. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as the 36th President of the United States afterwards. 1963 – Five Indian generals are killed in a helicopter crash, due to collision with two parallel lines of telegraph cables. 1967 – UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted, establishing a set of the principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab–Israeli peace settlement. 1968 – Japan Air Lines Flight 2 accidentally ditches in San Francisco Bay while on approach to San Francisco International Airport. No one is injured. 1971 – In Britain's worst mountaineering tragedy, the Cairngorm Plateau Disaster, five children and one of their leaders are found dead from exposure in the Scottish mountains.; ; 1975 – Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of Francisco Franco two days earlier. 1987 – The Max Headroom signal hijacking incident takes place, in which a pirate broadcast interrupts television broadcasts in Chicago. 1989 – NASA launches Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-33, a classified mission for the United States Department of Defense. 1990 – British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher withdraws from the Conservative Party leadership election, confirming the end of her Premiership. 1994 – A Trans World Airlines McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and Cessna 441 Conquest II aircraft collide on the runway at St. Louis Lambert International Airport in Bridgeton, Missouri, killing two people and injuring eight. 2003 – Baghdad DHL attempted shootdown incident: Shortly after takeoff, a DHL Express cargo plane is struck on the left wing by a surface-to-air missile and forced to land. 2004 – The Orange Revolution begins in Ukraine, resulting from the presidential elections. 2010 – During the Cambodian water festival, a stampede in Koh Pich, Phnom Penh, kills 347 people. 2014 – While playing with a toy gun in Cleveland, 12-year-old African American Tamir Rice is killed by a white police officer. 2022 – A shooting at a Walmart in Chesapeake, Virginia leaves seven workers dead, including the shooter, and four others injured.
Births
Pre-1600 1428 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English nobleman, known as "the Kingmaker" (died 1471) 1515 – Mary of Guise, Queen of Scots (died 1560) 1519 – Johannes Crato von Krafftheim, German humanist and physician (died 1585) 1533 – Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (died 1597) 1564 – Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Kent (died 1619)
1601–1900 1602 – Elisabeth of France (died 1644) 1635 – Francis Willughby, English ornithologist and ichthyologist (died 1672) 1643 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer (died 1687) 1690 – François Colin de Blamont, French composer (died 1760) 1698 – Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial, Canadian-American politician, Governor of Louisiana (died 1778) 1710 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (died 1784) 1728 – Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden (died 1811) 1744 – Abigail Adams, American wife of John Adams, 2nd First Lady of the United States (died 1818) 1780 – Conradin Kreutzer, German composer (died 1849) 1780 – José Cecilio del Valle, Honduran journalist, lawyer, and politician, Foreign Minister of Mexico (died 1834) 1787 – Rasmus Rask, Danish linguist, philologist, and scholar (died 1832) 1808 – Thomas Cook, English businessman, founded Thomas Cook Group (died 1892) 1819 – George Eliot, English novelist and poet (died 1880) 1820 – Katherine Plunket, Irish supercentenarian (died 1932) 1849 – Christian Rohlfs, German painter and printmaker (died 1938) 1852 – Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French politician and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1924) 1857 – George Gissing, English novelist (died 1903) 1859 – Cecil Sharp, English folk song scholar (died 1924) 1861 – Ranavalona III of Madagascar (died 1917) 1861 – Cyrus Edwin Dallin, American sculptor (died 1944) 1868 – John Nance Garner, American politician, 32nd Vice President of the United States (died 1967) 1869 – André Gide, French novelist, essayist, and dramatist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1951) 1870 – Howard Brockway, American composer (died 1951) 1870 – Harry Graham, Australian cricketer (died 1911) 1873 – Leo Amery, Indian-English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (died 1955) 1873 – Johnny Tyldesley, English cricketer (died 1930) 1876 – Emil Beyer, American gymnast and triathlete (died 1934) 1877 – Endre Ady, Hungarian journalist and poet (died 1919) 1877 – Joan Gamper, Swiss-Spanish footballer, founded FC Barcelona (died 1930) 1881 – Enver Pasha, Ottoman general and politician (died 1922) 1884 – C. J. "Jack" De Garis, Australian entrepreneur (died 1926) 1890 – Charles de Gaulle, French general and politician, President of France (died 1970) 1890 – Harry Pollitt, British politician and trade unionist, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain (died 1960) 1891 – Edward Bernays, American publicist (died 1995) 1893 – Harley Earl, American industrial designer (died 1969) 1893 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (died 1991) 1898 – Wiley Post, American pilot (died 1935) 1899 – Hoagy Carmichael, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor (died 1981)
1901–present 1901 – Béla Juhos, Hungarian-Austrian philosopher from the Vienna Circle (died 1971) 1901 – Joaquín Rodrigo, Spanish pianist and composer (died 1999) 1902 – Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, French general (died 1947) 1902 – Emanuel Feuermann, Austrian-American cellist (died 1942) 1904 – Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican painter and illustrator (died 1957) 1904 – Louis Néel, French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2000) 1904 – Fumio Niwa, Japanese author (died 2005) 1906 – Jørgen Juve, Norwegian football player and journalist (died 1983) 1910 – Mary Jackson, American actress (died 2005) 1911 – Ralph Guldahl, American golfer (died 1987) 1912 – Doris Duke, American heiress and philanthropist (died 1993) 1913 – Benjamin Britten, English pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1976) 1913 – Gardnar Mulloy, American tennis player (died 2016) 1914 – Peter Townsend, British captain and pilot (died 1995) 1915 – Oswald Morris, British cinematographer (died 2014) 1917 – Jon Cleary, Australian author and playwright (died 2010) 1917 – Andrew Huxley, English physiologist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2012) 1917 – Mick Shann, Australian diplomat (died 1988) 1918 – Claiborne Pell, American politician (died 2009) 1919 – Máire Drumm, Irish politician (died 1976) 1920 – Anne Crawford, British actress (died 1956)Wilson 2016, p. 165 1920 – Baidyanath Misra, Indian economist (died 2019) 1921 – Brian Cleeve, Irish writer and broadcaster (died 2003) 1921 – Rodney Dangerfield, American comedian, actor, rapper, and screenwriter (died 2004) 1922 – Eugene Stoner, American engineer and weapons designer, designed the AR-15 rifle (died 1997) 1923 – Dennis Wrong, Canadian-born American sociologist (2018) 1923 – Arthur Hiller, Canadian-American director (died 2016) 1923 – Dika Newlin, American composer and singer (died 2006) 1924 – Les Johnson, Australian politician (died 2015) 1924 – Geraldine Page, American actress and singer (died 1987) 1925 – Jerrie Mock, American pilot (died 2014) 1925 – Gunther Schuller, American horn player, composer, and conductor (died 2015) 1926 – Lew Burdette, American baseball player and coach (died 2007) 1927 – Steven Muller, American academic administrator (died 2013) 1928 – Tim Beaumont, English priest and politician (died 2008) 1928 – Mel Hutchins, American basketball player (died 2018) 1929 – Staughton Lynd, American lawyer, historian, author, and activist (died 2022) 1930 – Peter Hall, English director (died 2017) 1930 – Peter Hurford, English organist and composer (died 2019) 1931 – Alison Palmer, American priest and diplomat 1932 – Robert Vaughn, American actor and director (died 2016) 1933 – Merv Lincoln, Australian Olympic athlete (died 2016) 1934 – Rita Sakellariou, Greek singer (died 1999) 1935 – Ludmila Belousova, Soviet ice skater (died 2017) 1936 – John Bird, English actor, writer and satirist (died 2022) 1937 – Zenon Jankowski, Polish pilot and military officer 1937 – Nikolai Kapustin, Soviet pianist and composer (died 2020) 1938 – John Eleuthère du Pont, American convicted murderer (died 2010) 1939 – Tom West, American technologist (died 2011) 1939 – Mulayam Singh Yadav, Indian politician, Indian Minister of Defence (died 2022) 1940 – Terry Gilliam, American-English actor, director, animator, and screenwriter 1940 – Roy Thomas, American author 1940 – Andrzej Żuławski, Polish director and screenwriter (died 2016) 1941 – Tom Conti, Scottish actor and director